Connecting Image and Reality: The Role of 3D Printing in Surgical Planning

Abstract: Training the healthcare service members of tomorrow or assisting in the surgical planning of today's interventions is challenging, as the current CT/MRI images require an experienced and trained eye to interpret the intricate anatomy of the human body correctly. Although the CT/MRI scans are highly detailed and widely implemented, they cannot address the level of understanding a trainee or expert could gain through the haptic perception or tactile learning experience offered by 3D printing. 3D printing enables hands-on understanding through highly detailed, patient-specific anatomical models from medical imaging, providing surgeons with an interactive way to visualise and practice complex procedures before entering the operating room. In surgical education, 3D-printed models, especially those simulating the texture of actual tissues or bones, provide essential tactile feedback that contributes to realistic training scenarios. This enhances surgical precision and reduces the likelihood of complications during surgery. Moreover, these models allow trainees to practice accurate replicas of human organs, improving their skills in a risk-free environment. Therefore, this paper presents some case studies focusing on 3D printing in surgical planning that can effectively highlight the technology's current advantages and limitations. The models, fabricated with flexible and radiotransparent materials, allow surgeons to simulate surgical scenarios, improving preoperative planning, instrument handling, and decision-making. Subjective validation by specialists demonstrated that these models accurately replicate the physical properties of the target anatomy, aiding in better visualisation and procedural practice. However, limitations were observed in current methodologies, such as challenges related to material elasticity, the durability of 3D-printed models, and difficulties in navigating tortuous anatomical paths during simulations. Further, there is room for improvement in the accuracy of specific anatomical features and the interaction with surgical instruments, where minor irregularities hinder smooth operation. According to the findings, future work should focus on refining the materials used in 3D printing to enhance the robustness and realism of the models, particularly in complex anatomical structures. Additionally, incorporating real-time imaging data with 3D printing could further improve the adaptability of these models for preoperative simulations. Expanding these technologies beyond their current use in vascular surgery could revolutionise other surgical fields, offering customised, patient-specific planning tools across various medical disciplines.

Keywords: 3D printing, surgical planning, anatomical models, tactile learning, surgical training

DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1005938

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