AHFE Open Access Proceedings Human publishes original articles on research and development efforts intended to promote the comprehensive integration of people, services and systems. The Proceedings addresses all aspects of human, computer and systems integration, with a particular emphasis on AI in all domains of human activity, and on applications to industry, business, government, education, and everyday life. It attaches equal importance to human and artificial intelligence (AI), while also exploring key hardware, software and system interfaces in the technological and management processes for developing future engineering systems.