Operational Field Study: A Comparison of Piloting Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles and Uncrewed Aircraft Systems

Abstract

As offshore industries increasingly adopt uncrewed technologies for inspections and operations, the ability to cross-train personnel in both Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles and Small Uncrewed Aircraft System operations has become a focal point for efficiency and workforce optimization. This study presents a comparative analysis of the operational and human factor considerations involved in piloting mini UUV and sUASs, highlighting the key similarities and differences in control methods, environmental influences, navigation, emergency procedures, and situational awareness. A qualitative experimental field study was conducted between July 2024 and October 2024, involving real-world deployments of both systems in maritime and aerial environments. Findings indicated that while UUV and sUAS operators relied on remote control interfaces, sensor integration, and procedural standardization, significant differences exist in environmental, human factors, and control mechanisms. UUV operations required expertise in tether management, underwater currents, and video-based navigation, whereas sUAS operations emphasized GNSS-based positioning, wind resistance, and airspace regulations. Despite these distinctions, aligning control interfaces/mapping and adopting standardized training protocols could enhance operator adaptability between the two systems. The research supported cross-training feasibility in operating both UUSs and sUASs, potentially reducing crew size and operational costs while maintaining safety and efficiency. However, cognitive load management, regulatory compliance, environmental adaptation, and human factors must be addressed to optimize cross-platform competency. Future studies should explore advancements in automation and AI-driven decision support systems and further investigate human factor influences to enhance operational effectiveness in multi-domain applications.

Keywords: UAS, ROV, UUV, UUS, inspection, cross-training, situational awareness, automation, human factors, workforce training and optimization

DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1006886