Effect of Cornice Lighting Distribution on Perceived Ceiling Height in an Immersive Virtual Environment

Abstract

Indirect lighting is a crucial element in determining the atmosphere of a space; however, its influence on dimension perception remains insufficiently researched. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of cornice lighting distribution characteristics on perceived ceiling height using virtual reality (VR) presented via a head-mounted display (HMD). In the experiment, perceived ceiling height was measured using the method of adjustment in two environments: a narrow space where side walls were visible, and a wide space where side walls were not visible. The main variables were the distance from the light source to the wall (150 mm vs. 300 mm) and brightness. Results indicated a statistically significant difference in the narrow space, where the perceived ceiling height was greater in the 150 mm condition compared to the 300 mm condition. This suggests that intense illumination on the upper part of the wall may have directed visual attention upward. thereby emphasizing verticality. In contrast, no significant difference was observed in the wide space where side walls were excluded from the field of view. This implies that side walls function as a "reference frame" for grasping spatial proportions. In the absence of this frame, the observer's attention shifted toward the horizontal expanse, attenuating the vertical effects of the lighting. These findings suggest that the impact of cornice lighting distribution on perceived ceiling height depends strongly on spatial composition. In architectural design, controlling light distribution on the upper wall is an effective strategy for enhancing the sense of openness in small-scale spaces; however, its efficacy may be limited in large spaces where overall proportion dominates perception.

Keywords: Cornice Lighting, Light Distribution Characteristics, Virtual Environment, Perceived Ceiling Height, Head-mounted Display

DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1007442