Lower limb exoskeletons for orthopedic surgeons: A user-centred specification of design requirements

Abstract

Orthopedic surgeons are frequently exposed to awkward and sustained body postures and repetitive or forceful movements during surgical procedures. These demands may contribute to the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD), particularly in the lower limbs. Such conditions may negatively affect the surgeon’s motor skills and quality of life. Consequently, there is a pressing need for solutions that mitigate physical strain without interfering with surgical performance or concentration.Lower limb exoskeletons have emerged as promising assistive solutions, designed to reduce muscular and joint loading through mechanical or torque-based support. While their effectiveness has been investigated in industrial settings, their application in surgical environments remains limited and insufficiently tailored to surgeon’s needs.This study identifies and prioritizes user-centered design requirements for a lower limb exoskeleton intended for orthopedic surgeons operating in standing postures. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating a literature review, consultation with an exoskeleton distributor, and direct input from orthopedic surgeons at a Portuguese hospital. Requirements were prioritized using the Mudge diagram and classified using the Kano model, with Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction Coefficients calculated to determine their relative impact. Internal consistency was verified through Cronbach’s alpha.Results indicate that stability, freedom of movement, and long-term comfort are the most critical design priorities. The findings provide a structured, human-centered framework for the development of a lower limb exoskeleton, contributing to lower limb WRMSD prevention while ensuring clinical acceptability.

Keywords: Lower Limb Exoskeleton, Orthopedic Surgery, Occupational Health

DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1007972