Brain-Computer Interface versus Brain-Computer Interaction

Abstract

The terms “brain-computer interface” and “brain-computer interaction” are closely related, but they emphasize different aspects of brain-computer systems. The ongoing misinterpretation of these terms has impeded the accurate classification of applications and research studies, making this clarification essential for advancing the field. The primary aim of this study is to clarify the confusion in the literature by highlighting the distinctions between “brain-computer interface” and “brain-computer interaction”, as well as to explore the relationship between these two concepts. Clarifying these definitions will help establish a more consistent theoretical framework and improve the comparability of research findings. Moreover, it will support the development of user-centered systems that integrate both technical performance and experiential dimensions. In doing so, this study seeks to contribute to a more coherent understanding of how humans and computers can communicate through neural activity. Through a conceptual analysis supported by a structured review of recent literature, the findings demonstrate that while the two terms are frequently used interchangeably, they reflect distinct emphases in both system design and research orientation. Brain-computer interface traditionally denotes the technical mechanism enabling neural signal translation and device control, whereas brain-computer interaction encompasses a broader, bidirectional, and user-centered perspective that integrates feedback, adaptability, and experiential dimensions. In conclusion, establishing clear and consistent use of these terms will contribute to a more coherent scientific discourse and facilitate progress toward intelligent, responsive, and ethically grounded brain-computer systems.

Keywords: Brain-computer Interface, Brain-computer Interaction, Brain-computer Systems, Brain

DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1007498