AHFE Open AccessSafety Management and Human Factors
Editors: Pedro Arezes, Anne Garcia
Topics: Safety Management and Human Factors
Publication Date: 2023
ISBN: 978-1-958651-81-0
DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1003062
Articles
sWafety: A Complementary Low-threshold Safety Management Process
Effective safety management requires a reliable information basis. At the same time, established safety management systems (SMS) and surveys are known to have certain limitations, such as low participation rates or data bias due to the influence of situational factors (e.g., Pfeiffer, Manser & Wehner, 2010; Sujan, 2015). In collaboration with Swiss companies from the aviation, nuclear and healthcare industries, sWafety was developed and tested as a complementary process concept to address these shortcomings. sWafety provides a low-threshold process design and digital tool that aims to further engage and motivate employees to participate in data collection, analysis, and feedback to further improve data quality.This paper describes the design of the sWafety process, which is based on a user-centered approach as well as insights from motivation theory, gamification, and practical expertise. Key process elements are presented that support motivated employee participation through short survey cycles, low respondent burden, direct feedback processes and active user involvement in data interpretation and safety measure development. Based on a use case with a Swiss hospital, a minimum viable app-prototype was applied to test the extent to which key process elements can be transferred to operational practice and how they are evaluated by users. An eight-day application scenario of sWafety was conducted with a team of anesthesia professionals (n = 7). Prototyped process elements included daily app-based data collection and alternating feedback presentation. A formative evaluation was conducted by means of a workshop.The results of a qualitative content analysis indicate that the key process elements are transferable to operational practice. Concisely worded questions, tasks, or feedback that encourage reflection and learning, were found to be more motivating than gamification. Timely feedback, particularly on work-related information, and full transparency regarding the purposes and outcomes of the surveys also appear to be very important factors motivating participation in providing safety-related data. However, users called for more opportunities to provide bottom-up information and a more active role in discussing findings and developing safety measures.Effective implementation of sWafety into operational practice requires that the general process design is adapted to a company’s specifics. Particular attention should be paid to how local, decentralized processes can be implemented to enable timely feedback and appropriate employee involvement in discussing results and developing safety measures. Regarding low-threshold process design, the results imply that elements which trigger intrinsic motivation (e.g., learning or reflection) should be preferred over gamification. Also, further development of technical solutions for flexible interaction with the app and for data analysis can further increase the potential of sWafety.
Sandra Schenkel, Guri Medici, Sven Staender, Toni Waefler
Open Access
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Conference Proceedings
Barriers to Near Miss Management Systems adoption in the industrial sector: results from an exploratory survey in Italy
In industry, the analysis of near miss events can support the improvement of safety on the workplace. Near miss events are usually defined as near accidents, unsafe acts or conditions, that did not cause significant harm to people and goods, but under slightly different circumstances could have turned into accidents. Near miss analysis can help companies to identify possible causes of adverse events and work to prevent future accidents, representing an important source for verifying the effectiveness of the safety management process. The adoption of near miss management systems (NMSs) is mostly diffused in sectors where safety is a crucial issue (e.g., mining, construction, nuclear, aviation, etc.), but it could be an important resource in other contexts as well. The aim of this work is to identify some of the main barriers and drivers for the implementation of NMSs, investigating on one side the reasons that keep companies from adopting NMSs, on the other side the possible actions that could help spreading the use of this tool. The study presents the results of an exploratory survey carried out in collaboration with the Italian National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), which included a sample of Italian companies from different sectors. The results presented can help identifying the main criticalities to address to support the diffusion of NMSs.
Maria Grazia Gnoni, Fabiana Tornese, Giulio Paolo Agnusdei
Open Access
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Conference Proceedings
On the Development of Protective Devices for Bending Press
Brake presses are machines which are widely found in the manufacturing industry. They enable metal sheets and plates to be bent in multiple ways so as to shape a wide variety of parts. The very principle by which these machines function creates a pinch and crushing zone for operators notably as far as their hands and fingers are concerned. This paper recounts research projects conducted in the last 30 years at École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS). Historically, the first publication described the state of the situation in the 1990s in terms of safety of brake presses found in the transport equipment and machine manufacturing industry in Quebec. It was found that a small percentage of the brake presses surveyed were properly equipped with adequate safety devices. The research report showed a number of problematic situations arising in industry such as complex shapes (for example, cones, tubes, boxes with multiples bends) which render use of protective devices available at the time difficult and even unfeasible. To address the issue of the low prevalence of protective devices on brake presses, a study on the feasibility and applicability of light curtains on these machines was conducted. It was shown that the mode of operation of the light curtain as well as the geometry of the work-pieces were crucial factors which determined the feasibility of light curtains as effective protective devices on brake presses. Difficulties in using these devices in certain cases were uncovered. To alleviate these difficulties, a further research project sought to develop more flexible protective device on brake press. The concept was based on computer vision. A bracelet was to be worn by the operator. A system of cameras captured images of the operator’s hands and a computer algorithm calculated in real time the position of the hand with respect to a defined hazard zone. From the risk assessment and reduction viewpoint, a risk evaluation methodology based on fuzzy numbers was developed to address the issue of lack of reliability both machine and human-related in assessing probability of occurrence of hazardous events. A risk reduction methodology was also proposed helping to identify action priorities in an analytical way.
Ahn Dung Ngô, Tony Venditti, Phuong Tran Nguyen Duy
Open Access
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Exposure to non–ionizing radiation of solar origin: Measurements in Patagonia
This article aim is to measure the exposure to non-ionic radiation of solar origin in Patagonia, in order to provide information that to date almost does not exist and serve as a basis for future research on the subject. The measurements were made in the XI Region Aysén , Chile; more specifically in the town of Chile Chico. A UVR meter was used. The measurements were made during the months of September and October, the measures were made each day, with 1-hour intervals. The data were compiled and tabulated to be later analyzed and presented in this study. The URV averages are presented considering those days with the highest temperatures and the general average for the months of September and October. The highest measurement obtained was 3,7 mW/cm^2 and it was at 12 p.m. on October 10. The highest measurements were recorded between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., which is consistent with studies conducted on the subject. The Sun safety at work questionnaire, Solar UV Radiation Risk Assessment for Outdoor Workers: Operational review, was also applied to workers in the area, managing to evaluate 4 jobs positions, three of these job positions received an overall medium risk level and the fourth received a high risk level. Further studies are needed in Patagonia in order to establish more precise standards to reduce the risks associated with exposure to non-ionizing radiation of solar origin.
Rodrigo Dominguez, Joan Toro, Enrique Calderón, Sebastian Amaro, Claudio Acuña
Open Access
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Safety Culture Assessment and the transformation of practices
This article presents preliminary results of the Human and Organizational Factors of Industrial Safety project under development in the Brazilian oil and gas industry since the late 2020s. It is a project carried out in 17 production units including offshore production platforms with different times production, refinery, thermoelectric, drilling rigs and different types of vessels.More specifically, this article presents the safety culture assessment methodology and proposals for transforming practices built through a participatory process.The focus will be on the pilot project developed on an offshore platform, considered as a pilot project.Approaches to safety culture assessment may have many limits if supported exclusively by quantitative methods. Based on that, a research team developed a quantitative-qualitative approach to assess the maturity of the safety culture. To that end, the team sought to develop and test a method consisting of an initial ethnographic phase, based on ergonomic work analysis (Guérin et al., 1997). This ethnographic phase was followed by 4 other distinct phases: definition of homogeneous groups; production of customized questionnaires; quantitative evaluation; and qualitative assessment. The results show the emergence of trends, from pre-defined themes in the safety culture to specific levels of maturity for each of the homogeneous groups. At the same time, it was possible to perceive that the maturity level of the groups is defined from the daily work practices developed by each one of them. Although the definitions surrounding Safety Culture are in line with regard to the sharing of practices and values, Antonsen (2009, p. 184) reminds us that every organization is composed of subgroups, each with “multiple sets of ‘individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and patterns of behavior’, and that these may be more or less incompatible”. Thus, “several different sub-cultures will emerge from, or form around, functional groups, hierarchical levels and organizational roles” (Cooper, 2000, p. 113). A safety culture must, then, be thought of based on the sharing of practices and values at the boundaries of these subgroups, and not necessarily throughout the organization, where it would be very difficult to find a homogeneous culture.In our pilot project, proposals for transforming safety practices emerged in the qualitative phase. A debate process with different homogeneous groups (different hierarchical levels and contracted companies) allowed for a broad discussion about the main following topics: Blaming, Pertinence of the Rules, Priority in security, Bureaucracy in security and Return on Experience.The actions currently under way focus on: (i) the development of accident/incident analysis methodologies focused on root causes; (ii) the restructuring of tools such as daily safety meetings, behavioral audits, among others; (iii) in communication with the workforce and the development of an organizational device to return experience (expanding active listening) and (iv) the training of proximity managers based on real cases.References•Antonsen, S. 2009a. Safety culture and the issue of power. Safety Science, 47, 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.02.004•Cooper, D.; 2000. Towards a model of safety culture. Safety Science, n. 36, p 111-136.•Guérin F, Laville A, Daniellou F, Duraffourg J, Kerguelen A. 1997. Comprendre le travail pour le transformer : la pratique de l’ergonomie [Understanding work to transform it: the practice of ergonomics]. Toulouse, France: Agence nationale pour l’amélioration des conditions de travail (Anact).
Francisco Duarte, Raoni Rocha, Francisco Lima, Maria Luiza Fernandes, Luciano Garotti
Open Access
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Conference Proceedings
Extensive data collection in an in-hospital disaster response exercise for evaluating disaster resilience
Hospitals need to prepare for disasters. For this purpose, they need to formulate a BCP and a response plan and conduct training and exercise. Through training and exercise, they are expected to learn necessary actions and procedures, as well as to find problems in the BCP and response plan. It is, however, not easy to comprehend and evaluate the entire training and exercise process, particularly as the scale of the training and exercise becomes larger. Besides, it also becomes more difficult to find important problems and their causes in training and exercise. To solve this problem, it is necessary to record the events and activities during training and exercise as much detail as possible and analyze them from various viewpoints. This paper describes the comprehensive data recordings in a disaster response exercise in a big hospital in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. This hospital is one of the largest hospitals in the region and is designated as a disaster-base hospital which is expected to play a central role in disaster medicine in the area. The target exercise is an annual exercise for a mass casualty incident assuming a big earthquake, in which 46 injured patients are transported to the hospital. We collected data on the following three aspects of the exercise: judgment and decision-making, such as triage and diagnosis and treatment, the in-hospital flow of patients and medical instruments, and the flow of information in and among different areas and rooms. Regarding the data on judgment and decision-making, we collected the documents used in actual disaster medicine, such as triage tags and medical charts. For the other data, we used action cameras attached to hospital staff, station cameras to observe the activities in specific areas, IC recorders attached to patients and several important hospital staff, PHS-IC recorders attached to area leaders to record inter-area communication, Zoom recordings for online communications, and several observers to record inter-area transfer of patients.This paper also describes preliminary analyses of the data recorded in the exercise, including the accuracy of 1st and 2nd triage, the details of patient flow, and the length of stay in each area.Finally, this paper describes the data analysis planned in the next step, such as network analysis of inter-area communication, task analysis of the activities in each area, and so on. In addition, we will discuss the possibility of utilizing the study to reproduce the exercise using the agent-based simulation we developed for a deeper understanding of the entire process of the in-hospital disaster medicine process.
Taku Ideguchi, Taro Kanno, Mizuki Umemoto, Kazumi Kajiyama, Ryoko Ikari, Misumi Yamazaki, Sachika Sharikura
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Anomaly detection of bicep curl using pose estimation
Resistance training exercises can cause adverse effects and even injuries if not executed correctly. The latest pose estimation technologies in computer vision could help provide real-time analysis on exercising motion using on-device cameras. However, to identify whether an individual is performing an exercise correctly, postural deviations or anomalies from the correct patterns must be identified. In this study, a versatile solution is formulated to detect and analyze a specific resistance training exercise – bicep curl using BlazePose and binary tree algorithms in machine learning based on specific pose features. Ten decision tree models are developed to identify ten target pose anomalies including deviated trunk angles and misplaced elbows and wrists. The model sensitivity ranges from 73.7% (external rotated shoulders) to 97.4% (over-flexed trunk). These predicted results would be very useful in giving specific postural advises to learners of fitness exercises. Our research outputs could be extended to other exercises, and be implemented in mobile applications for various purposes such as exergames and sports analysis.
Ka Wing Frances Wan, Joanne Yip, Ting Hin Alex Mak, Kenny Yat Hon Kwan, Mei-Chun Cheung, Benson Cheng, Kit Lun Yick, Sun Pui Ng
Open Access
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Managing fatigue in aviation maintenance while promoting a human factors safety reporting system; a strategic approach to aviation safety
The potential rise of fatigue in commercial aviation maintenance due to Aviation Maintenance Technician (AMT) personnel shortages supports a Human Factors (HF) Fatigue Risk Management (FRM) System be introduced in all major aviation maintenance programs in the US to complement a maintenance HF Safety Reporting System. The researchers have been strong advocates of a maintenance HF Safety Reporting System that can detect aviation maintenance procedural errors as research points to upwards of 38% of the aviation maintenance related accidents in Part 121 operations are caused by some form of maintenance procedural errors. However, as anonymous safety reporting tools like the HF REPAIRER (Miller and Mrusek, 2018) do hold promise for aviation maintenance safety and are also supported by Safety Management Systems (SMS), what is the point of having them if the maintainers are too tired and exhausted both mentally and physically to use such HF Safety Reporting Systems? The researchers take into consideration that the global (COVID-19) pandemic did bring chaos to the commercial aviation industry causing the AMT to do more work with less AMT personnel and allowing the fatigue problem to become greatly exacerbated. The researchers examine the basic HF fatigue problems in commercial aviation maintenance before the pandemic and then re-evaluate how fatigue has become a potential hazard in current maintenance operations through the lens of ASRS safety reporting data and utilizing a modified model of Human Factors Analysis Classification System (HFACS). From this analysis the researchers contend that the health of airline maintenance and the AMT calls for a strategy of a HF Two-pronged Safety Attack in aviation maintenance by reducing the consequences of fatigue through HF FRM while preventing human error in maintenance procedures through a HF Safety Reporting System like REPAIRER. This new complementary safety strategy would greatly enhance SMS in maintenance with a HF upgrade.
Mark Miller, Bettina Mrusek, Jeff Herbic
Open Access
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Influence of Time Pressure on Driver’s Response Time under Stressed Conditions
The present study attempts to understand the driver’s mental state during driving due to the imposed time pressure and prevailing traffic condition based on heart-related physiological features. A Gaussian mix model-based clustering approach was adopted in this work to classify the developed stress on three distinct levels: low, medium, and high. Further, this study applied a defuzzification methodology to transform the fuzzy representation of probability values for each sample in a crisp dataset to develop a stress index. The developed stress index is crucial for alerting the driver regarding their mental state for avoiding any risky driving behavior under stressed conditions. Finally, the current work proposed a sliding window methodology for determining the response time of the driver to any significant stress level change and investigated the characteristic of the calculated driver-specific response time which will be sensitive to driving duration based on stress level and time pressure condition.
Arka Dey, Sanhita Das
Open Access
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Conference Proceedings
Requirements and expectations for truck platooning - a multidisciplinary perspective
Recent developments in vehicle automation are leading a paradigm change in respect to mobility of goods and people. Pushed by environmental concerns, researchers and practitioners seek new and innovative solutions. Nevertheless, the challenge of sustainable transport does not end with the use of clean fuels, as faster, cheaper, and more efficient transport is still desired by operators. The concepts behind truck automation and truck platooning technologies present potential for operations management efficiency and cost reduction. On the other hand, as drivers are still the main piece on a safe and efficient transport system, their working conditions must be ensured. Therefore, a multidisciplinary perspective on truck platooning is required, comprising the view of all the stakeholders involved in the development of safe and easily adopted technologies. In the context of the project TRAIN, we have developed exploratory research towards understanding and mapping the requirements for deploying truck platooning technology. Through a qualitative research, based on focus groups, we have identified three main areas of requirements from logistics companies: (i) labor, (ii) safety and liability, and (iii) transport and logistics. The analysis also showed that these areas are related to three research domains: (i) human factors and human-machine interaction, (ii) operations research and management, and (iii) policy and regulation.
Sérgio Pedro Duarte, Liliana Cunha, Luciano Moreira, Sara Ferreira, António Lobo
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H2-fueled passenger ship hazards: challenges in risk assessment for a front edge technology application
Achieving the ambition set out in the initial International Maritime Organization (IMO) greenhouse gas strategy will require zero-emission vessels to enter the fleet in 2030, forming a significant proportion of vessel new builds from 2025. Besides the cargo market, the passenger ferry industry is fastly moving to explore alternative fuels and low-emission technologies, promoting a large number of projects and pilot cases for inland and coastal navigation, mainly. However, compared to fossil fuels, around which the shipping industry has had decades to optimize the design, maintenance, and operation of ferries, the introduction of zero-carbon technologies, such as hydrogen fuel cells, brings new safety risks that need to be analysed and managed. This paper presents an initial result of the EU-founded e-SHyIPS project, investigating the methodologies for an early-stage risk assessment of hydrogen-fuelled passenger ships, where a compartment with a pressurized hydrogen supply system and passenger compartments are in proximity. The study objective is to present and discuss both the methodology adopted in international risk assessment workshops and the results obtained. The research activity involves identifying hydrogen-related hazards and selecting critical areas for more detailed explosion and fire risk studies. As a result, considerations are given on hazards and risks affecting the structural strength or the integrity of the ship, safety of crew on board, and preservation of the environment that will be used as input for consequence calculations and frequency assessments for release, dispersion, fire, and explosion experiments.
Arianna Bionda, Marta Tome Maintega, Oscar Noguero Torres, David Sanchez, Brendan Sullivan
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Prevention ecosystem integrated into digitalized manufacturing
New technologies, machines and processes in manufacturing companies are also changing jobs. The increasing integration of information technology into all areas of the economy also has an impact on workers' health and occupational safety. The proportion of electronic components and software in production facilities is constantly increasing, but this also means that the service life of machines and equipment is decreasing. In addition, processes have to be changed and employees have to be retrained or further trained. The networking of plants, machines, databases, departments and companies is progressing ever faster and the collection of data as well as its storage and evaluation is becoming an ever greater challenge. Increasing networking requires continuous investment in the latest tools, hardware and innovative strategies to protect their networks. Very often, departments have to be restructured, new departments created and new employees hired. It can be observed that the training of new professionals cannot be adapted to the new technological developments at the same pace, so that companies have to invest more and more in the training of their own employees. In this environment, prevention services must continuously follow technological developments and contribute to designing safe technologies, developing new models and providing operators and safety professionals with fast and targeted information on machine safety and OSH. All communication channels should be used to exchange information with workers and employers. Industry 4.0 (new technologies) with integrated galloping digitalisation accordingly also requires digital prevention. The establishment of a prevention ecosystem should enable the networking of all service providers and provide information and updates on occupational safety and health directly to companies and workers. The concept of a prevention platform is described here, an ecosystem that continuously adapts prevention services to the technological change of digital production. Artificial intelligence (AI) assistance systems that have been successfully used to date are to be integrated into the ecosystem and support data analysis, enable automatic answers to the most frequently asked questions, identify hazards at specific workplaces and recommend anticipatory measures. The ecosystem is to be supported by national expert teams, networking with international partners is to be steadily expanded, interfaces are to be continuously developed and the latest technologies for increasing safety in the workplace are to be promoted. Because when technology changes rapidly, prevention must keep pace, and when the industry of things networks machines globally, prevention must also network globally.
Viktorijo Malisa, Georg Effenberger
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How stress and time spent on task affect safe behavior at work: evidence from experiment by simulating work in hazardous conditions in VR
The rapid development of digital technologies has enabled significant advances in the training of workers working in hazardous conditions. VR technologies have made it possible not only to make the training process cheaper, but also to transfer it to a safe space. Employees, when working in hazardous conditions, often have to deal with complex technical operations and at the same time strictly follow safe work rules and work procedures. The paper examines the interaction of time spent on tasks, stress (based on biomarkers: HR, HRV, GSR), safe behavior in training skills by simulating work in dangerous conditions in VR. In doing this, 50 experiments were performed testing VR applications for work in hazardous conditions in the construction sector. The results of the study showed that time spent on tasks and stress influence the safe behavior at work (number of errors) when working in hazardous environments. Moreover, immersion in VR was assessed using the adapted Slater-Usoh-Steed questionnaire (SUS), and based on the interview after simulation, insights are provided on how to enhance the immersion in VR applications for training of workers working in hazardous conditions.
Asta Savanevičienė, Gita Šakytė-Statnickė, Lina Girdauskiene
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Artificial intelligence for risk assessment in hybrid workplace and flexible work
The COVID-19 pandemic has encouraged the spread of remote working as an instrument to prevent the stop of work activities. Resilience has led to the adaptation of the existing work models into hybrid ones, enabling many companies to test new forms of organisation. This has led to critical issues, particularly in the management of the health and safety at work and in the sustainability of production processes, due to the contradictions in these areas, in the European legislation. At present, it is still difficult to obtain an overall framework of effects and possible risks of hybrid workplaces. In fact, in addition to traditional risks, new risks and unexplored interaction between risks and human factor are emerging. Furthermore, it highlights the need to rethink new reference figures in the safety management system. However, the benefits of increased productivity, work life balance, sustainability and environmental impact are clear. The aim of this research is to rationalize the technical knowledge and the case studies of possible risks related to hybrid workplace, in order to support the worker and the employer in the analysis of hazards and risk assessment, risk communication and prevention, through a dynamic assessment system based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). For this purpose, the current legislation has to be investigated, identifying technological solutions useful to fill some gaps for an extension of protection in new forms of remote work.
Giuditta Simoncelli, Laura De Angelis, Emma Pietrafesa, Raffaele Mariconte, Agnese Martini, Claudia Giliberti
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The power of safety data to prevent work related incidents: empirical evidences from pilot projects in Italy
A vast amount of safety data is collected every year by public and private organisations for many different reasons. Often this is due to compliance requirements, other times as part of reporting practices or to measure performance towards improvement goals. Although data collection is still a critical activity – as it is usually not characterized by a standard approach –, data analysis now represents the most critical one due to several factors. The present study aims to point out how safety data at different level of aggregation - could support effective continuous improvements activities of companies as well as of institutional organizations. Results shows the high potential of structured safety data models and tools for acquiring knowledge to improve prevention activities.
Maria Grazia Gnoni, Michele Villa, Antonia Donvito, Armando Guglielmi, Giuseppe Campo, Diego De Merich, Daniele De Santis, Antonio Leva, Mauro Pellicci
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Analysis of The Influence of Military Radio Stations Electromagnetic Field on Operator's Health
Human exposure to artificial electromagnetic fields has increased significantly in recent decades. For this reason, scientists and the public are interested in its influence on health, even when exposure is much lower than the applicable standards. The intensity of electromagnetic fields in the human environment is increasing and is now reaching very high levels that living organisms have never experienced before. A process that has a great impact on people is the direct penetration of electromagnetic radiation into the tissues. Therefore, the important question is to what extent we risk our health in the environment in which we live and in the workplace during direct contact with electromagnetic fields.Research shows that the electromagnetic field affects the cell membranes in our body. The cell membrane is the membrane that protects the cells of the body and provides a constant environment inside the cell. Electromagnetic fields cause disturbances in the work of the membrane, which can lead to various types of disturbances in the body. One of such disorders is, for example, the organism's decreased resistance to external factors. The paper presents the results of research on the impact of a selected military radio station, the purpose of which was to investigate whether electromagnetic fields from military radio stations pose any threat to the operator's health. The conducted analysis of the issues of safety of staying in the area of the electromagnetic field of military antennas and radio stations as well as the results of the research on the intensity of the field emitted by the RRC-9200 military radio station, which were carried out in this paper, can be considered as having a negative impact on the functioning of the human body. Due to the fact that the radio operator is exposed to the electromagnetic field emitted by it, its adverse impact on the human body should be investigated (especially regarding the biological effects that may occur). Polish standards regarding electromagnetic fields are very strict, while the actual effects of this field are still unknown. Carrying out more research in this field broadens the knowledge on the subject and enables the introduction of limitations of exposure to electromagnetic field and the rational approach of people to the problem.Tests were carried out with a military radio station, which is equipped with the Polish army, along with its antenna at the maximum power level (10 W). It was found that when receiving the signal, it did not exceed the permissible level of the electromagnetic field, then after pressing the tangent it did. The level of electromagnetic field emission when the radio is carried on the operator's back while transmitting, in virtually every case exceeds the permissible values of the magnetic and electric fields. This can lead to undesirable health consequences for the operator of such a radio. It was found that due to the fact that the electromagnetic field emitted by the radio stations while transmitting at full power of 10 W is high and significantly exceeds the permissible value, therefore, the radio station should not be used in direct contact. You should take into account your own health and the negative effects that may be caused by the use of the radio station from a short distance. Due to the obtained results of the field emitted by the tested radio, it is recommended to use it from the greatest possible distance, in the shortest possible time, and with the lowest power (0.5W). This will help minimize the operator's exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by the radio, as well as reduce possible negative effects on his health.Suggestion: poster session
Marian Wnuk
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Digital Health Surveillance: Usability requirements applied to rumor alerting and monitoring tools
This article has the objective of associating the contribution of social media to a system for detecting rumors in public health, aiming to provide timely inputs for the Strategic Information and Health Surveillance Response Centers (CIEVS) in their event monitoring activities in health through the capture and analysis of unofficial information (rumors). Through a process based on usability requirements identified with analysts at the Surveillance Centers, messages are captured, stored and subsequently analyzed cooperatively by analysts to detect the existence of a possible event in public health.
Paulo Carvalho, Daniel Mendes, Elaine Alves De Carvalho, Alessandro Jatobá
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