AHFE Open AccessHuman Factors, Business Management and Society
Editors: Vesa Salminen
Topics: Management and Leadership
ISBN: 978-1-964867-91-5
DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1007234
Table of Contents
Humans and Humanoids for Optimal Performance: Rethinking Work in the Age of Hybrid Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is no longer abstract code running in cloud servers, but embodied agency walking among us. Humanoid robots, once the stuff of cinematic imagination, are now being tested in factories, hospitals, warehouses, and elder care facilities. They possess bipedal locomotion, dexterous manipulation, sensory perception, and increasingly, the ability to understand natural language and respond contextually. Their arrival signals not just a technological advancement, but a philosophical challenge: what does it mean to work alongside a machine that looks like us, moves like us, and learns like us—yet is fundamentally different?This research has used the approach of active-based and qualitative research. The data for analysis has been collected by making observations in real-world deployments and comparing them with theoretical frameworks in cognitive science, robotics, and organizational behavior. To analyze the development of continuously developing interaction with humans and humanoids, the following questions have been raised:•How does work-life change in the pressure of AI and robotics implementation?•How to define the balance of interaction between humans and humanoids in work-life?•How to specify the optimal performance when integrating humanoids in the workplace?•How to capture the developmental arc of human–robot teamwork as a progression model?The integration of humanoid robots into the workplace is redefining optimal performance, not through automation alone, but through human–humanoid collaboration. Optimal performance is achieved when efficiency, safety, innovation, and employee well-being are balanced with sustainability and human dignity. We can see that humanoids, designed with human-like form and AI-driven intelligence, are no longer mere tools but evolve into partners that extend human capabilities as force multipliers, cognitive extensions, and emotional buffers. We are just at the beginning stage of this journey.This study argues that optimal performance does not emerge from replacing human workers with machines, but from designing hybrid ecosystems where biological and synthetic agents co-evolve through mutual learning, calibrated trust, and role complementarity. We introduce the concept of the Learning Spectrum, a five-stage model tracing the progression from observation to reciprocal teaching, which captures the developmental arc of human–robot teamwork. It is important to illustrate how collaboration, must mature from observation to co-evolution, emphasizing bidirectional learning: humans teach context and values; robots teach precision and scalability. This synergy is set to foster the rise of the "AI Champion"—a new archetype who leverages AI not to compete, but to think deeper, adapt faster, and innovate better.This article introduces actionable recommendations for business enterprises seeking to navigate the transition to human–humanoid co-evolution. These include redesigning roles around complementarity, implementing adaptive handoff protocols, fostering explainable autonomy, and cultivating cultures of bidirectional trust. The profound outcome of the AI revolution may not be smarter machines, but wiser humans. By fostering conditions under which humans and humanoids learn together, organizations can transcend traditional performance metrics and move toward a future where technology serves not only economic goals, but human dignity and purpose.
Oliver Tian, Vesa Salminen, Bryon Tian
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
The “As-If” Leadership Model: A Conceptualization and Scale Development Study
This study was conducted to conceptualize the notion of “As-If Leadership” which, despite being frequently observed as a practical phenomenon in leadership literature, has yet to be systematically defined in terms of its theoretical framework and empirical boundaries, and to develop a scientific tool to measure this construct. The research is based on the behavioural patterns of managers who occupy leadership positions but lack the competence, self-awareness, and responsibility required for this role; managers who use leadership solely as a symbolic representation, status, and image tool. In the first phase of the study, designed using a mixed research design, the theoretical dimensions of the concept were constructed through thematic analysis and in-depth interviews conducted on 430 academic publications in the leadership literature. In the second phase, Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were applied to data collected from 671 employees working in different sectors across Turkey. The findings confirmed that the “As-If leadership” structure exhibits a unique pattern consisting of a combination of high leadership aspiration, low leadership skills, and low self-awareness. The developed 32-item scale has been added to the literature with a high Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.892 and strong validity values. The study reveals that this profile differs from dark types such as narcissistic or destructive leadership, triggering mechanisms of “passive destruction” and “unintentional harm” that develop independently of intent. Consequently, the research fills a critical gap in both theoretical and practical fields by emphasizing that candidate selection and development processes should focus not only on motivational desires but also on the balance of skills and awareness.
Alihan Pasin, Erdal Şen, Serpil Aytac
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship Between Light Triad Personality Traits and Entrepreneurial Tendency Among University Students
Entrepreneurship is highly critical for countries’ development, economic growth, competitiveness, and the creation of new employment opportunities. A review of the literature indicates that personality traits have frequently been investigated as key antecedents of entrepreneurial tendencies. However, studies conducted within the framework of Light Triad personality traits remain limited. The present study aims to test the mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between Light Triad personality traits and entrepreneurial tendencies. The data were obtained from 213 undergraduate students enrolled in foundation universities in Istanbul, Türkiye. The study was conducted using a quantitative research design and a survey method. The measurement instruments included the Light Triad Scale, the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), and the Entrepreneurship Scale for University Students. The proposed mediation model was tested through mediation analysis, and indirect effects were evaluated using bias-corrected percentile bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples. The findings revealed that the Light Triad does not have a significant direct effect on entrepreneurial tendencies; however, it exerts a significant indirect effect through emotional intelligence, indicating a full mediation structure. Specifically, Light Triad traits are positively correlated with emotional intelligence, which in turn strongly predicts entrepreneurial orientation. Moreover, the proposed model explains approximately 45% of the variance in entrepreneurial tendency (R² = 0.45), demonstrating a moderate to strong explanatory power. Overall, this study indicates that entrepreneurial tendencies are explained not by the direct effects of personality traits but rather through emotional intelligence, which can be conceptualized as an individual psychological resource.
Merve Mamacı, Nuran Bayram Arli, Serpil Aytac, Sera Öykü Bora, Sahamet Bulbul
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Machine Learning and Data Mining Insights into Monthly Housing Price Dynamics in Connecticut, USA
In today’s market place housing and housing associated goods and services constitutes important value for consumers. As indicated in the Maslow’s hierarcy of needs figure, sheltering, housing is one of the most basic needs of human beings. Later wants and demands take place, individuals engage in behaviours to afford their housing needs by either renting, buying a house or buying hotel, motel or other housing services. If demand of the consumers meet the available housing options and recently constructed housing projects, rent and selling prices of the housing options may be in a balance meaning a significant increase and decrease in the prices are unlikely to occur. If the demand passes the supply it would be on the spot to wait for increases in the housing market, whereas a lower demand in a normal supply scenario is likely to lower the prices in the marketplace for consumers. In this research average housing prices according to location considering date have been ananlysed using machine learning techniques available in data mining and computer science literature.
Dr Özerk Yavuz
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Construction of a Model for Estimating Sales Thinking Processes by Learning Tacit Knowledge
In BtoB sales, the tacit knowledge possessed by sales personnel is a source of competitive advantage; however, passing on tacit knowledge is difficult, making transfer to junior sales personnel a critical issue. Existing sales support systems often merely recommend the next action without showing the rationale behind the judgment. This study aims to construct a model that learns and estimates the thinking process based on tacit knowledge of experts to provide educational support. First, we extracted specific tacit knowledge through interviews with experts and defined the thinking process in sales activities as a four-stage structure consisting of Phase, Focal Information, Recalled Knowledge, and Decision Making. Second, we conducted a scenario-based questionnaire survey and collected 365 valid responses from experienced sales personnel. We constructed a machine learning model that sequentially estimates these four elements, using the output of the previous stage as the input for the next. In the model evaluation, we selected models prioritizing Recall for the estimation of Information and Knowledge from a training perspective, and Weighted Precision considering importance for Decision Making. Results showed that the integrated model can learn the context from previous stages and simulate the thinking process. Furthermore, we implemented this model into an AI agent. This agent structures and presents the recommended action along with its rationale (Phase, Information, and Knowledge) following the thinking process. This goes beyond merely presenting the correct answer; it is expected to contribute to the development of sales personnel who can make autonomous judgments and execute projects smoothly.
MASATO SAEGUSA, Masahiko Sakata, MIWA NAKANISHI
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
A Collaborative KPI Framework for Evaluating a Digital Twin Demo Platform: Supporting Circular Economy Transformation in SMEs
This study addresses the challenges faced by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) when adopting circular economy (CE) practices, particularly when the SMEs are characterized by limited resources, lack of expertise, and constrained access to tailored digital tools. Within the Interreg Baltic Sea Region (BSR) CIRC-2-ZERO initiative, a digital twin demo platform (DTDP) is being developed to support SMEs in terms of data-driven circular product and value chain design. Given that the effectiveness of such platforms depends on systematic evaluation, this study proposes a collaborative key performance indicator (KPI) framework to enable systematic assessment and monitoring of the DTDP. The study applies a participatory and iterative methodology, employing the nominal group technique and multi-voting across three expert workshops involving twenty participants from academia, business support organizations, and the electronics and engineered wood products sectors. This stakeholder-driven approach ensures that the KPI framework reflects both operational realities and user needs. The study is structured into three phases—namely, KPI identification, refinement and validation, and development of data collection procedures. The resulting framework organizes the KPIs into three core dimensions—technical performance, usability, and value impact—while distinguishing between indicators relevant to the DTDP’s piloting phase and those important for its long-term development. The framework also includes structured data collection procedures intended to support consistent and reliable monitoring. This study contributes to the growing body of research on performance assessment of digital platforms supporting CE transitions, offering a practical, stakeholder-driven tool for assessing DTDPs and supporting SMEs’ circular transformation. Moreover, the study promotes sustainable industrial practices and supports regional development in the BSR.
Marina Weck, Neuza Cláudia Melo Quintino Freitas Ferreira, Catalin Ilie
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Integrating Predictive and Agile Approaches in University Aircraft Development Projects: A Hybrid Project Management Framework
Modern learning environments increasingly rely on multidisciplinary student teams to address complex engineering challenges under limited resources and strict performance requirements. University aircraft design competitions, such as SAE AeroDesign, represent high-impact educational settings that demand not only advanced technical solutions but also effective project management practices. However, traditional predictive project management approaches, while strong in planning and control, often lack flexibility when facing uncertainty, whereas agile approaches promote adaptability but may lack the level of documentation required for high-responsibility engineering projects. This study proposes and validates a hybrid project management methodology aimed at optimizing the design and construction of aircraft in competitive academic environments. The proposed approach integrates predictive practices aligned with the PMBOK® Guide with collaborative agile frameworks such as SCRUM. A cross-sectional mixed-methods case study was conducted within a multidisciplinary university AeroDesign team at Tecnológico de Monterrey. Qualitative data were collected through observation and document analysis, while quantitative data were obtained from performance indicators and surveys administered to 50 students across ten competition cycles. The results indicate improvements in time management, clarity of deliverables, early risk identification, and adaptability to changing requirements. Additionally, the methodology contributed to the development of professional competencies such as teamwork, leadership, and problem-solving. The study concludes that hybrid, human-centered project management models represent an effective approach for complex engineering education contexts.
Gloria Gonzalez Sarmiento, René Ileana Velazquez
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Strategic Personas at the Intersection of HCI and Marketing: A Framework Inspired by Virtual Chess Players
Conventional personas have always been attractive tools for HCI and marketing researchers. Although they allow researchers to show differences between personas by providing demographic and psychographic information, they generally do not explain how these personas behave or make decisions. This paper considers a unique perspective that views personas as strategic agents. In other words, the personality of a user emerges while making decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The paper is inspired by previous research on virtual chess players, where he explored players of the same strength, but with different playing styles, and identified that chess styles play an important role in determining game outcomes. Additionally, it develops a new attacker–defender orientation space and identifies three behavioral dimensions that can be detected based on the sequence of decisions or actions performed by a person. The paper also shows how to move these ideas from the domain of chess to marketing strategies and the design of interactive systems. Finally, it discusses the influence of these ideas on customer targeting, brand posture, interaction design, and AI-mediated agents. The findings confirm that strategic personas allow predicting behavior, performing simulations, and real-time adaptation. Most importantly, they augment traditional personas instead of replacing them.
Khaldoon Dhou
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
When the Final Whistle Blows: Identity, Adaptability and Skill Transfer among Retired Team Sport Athletes
This study explores how retired Finnish male athletes from elite football and ice hockey navigate the transition from professional sport to working life. Drawing on 19 in-depth interviews from the Elämän Pelikirja podcast, we conducted a theory-driven thematic analysis grounded in established models of career transition, identity reconstruction, and skill transfer. The analysis is based on authentic first-person narratives, offering unique insight into an underrepresented national context. Findings reveal that most transitions were abrupt, emotionally complex, and lacked formal institutional support. Athletes struggled with identity disruption and limited planning, yet gradually repurposed sport-derived meta-skills—such as resilience, communication, and goal orientation—in new professional roles, particularly in sales, media, technology, and leadership. Differences between sport cultures also shaped transition experiences. By highlighting both individual agency and structural gaps, this study offers policy-relevant insights for improving athlete support systems and broadens the understanding of post-career adaptation in elite sport
Timo Holopainen, Arto Kuuluvainen, Harri Lappalainen, Jaakko Haltia
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Experiences from Team Sales Competitions
Sales competitions are based on a case-scenario situation where student competitors are given a time limit and allowed to conduct sales interactions with a buyer. They are an ideal experiential learning format as they offer concrete experience with feedback provided by the instructors. Our study looks at potential differences between team events and single competition events. There is not much research on team events and they are not often conducted even that team-based sales competitions offer several pedagogical advantages, particularly in their capacity to simulate complex organizational selling scenarios. At the same time assessing individual contributions becomes more difficult when performance is distributed across several members, potentially obscuring disparities in preparation, effort, or interpersonal skill and making judging more difficult. Nevertheless, they should also offer similar benefits for the participants as single events as they also experience a close to real-life sales interaction. We use results from three sales competitions and surveys to compare team and single events. We found that both formats seem to offer benefits for participants, while the concrete benefits mentioned are different. Regarding personality traits, it seems as if in team competitions, being an extrovert does not play such an important role. We also found that judges in team event seem to find it more difficult to judge the competitors then in single event formats as they felt not so confident in judging the performances.
Timo Holopainen, Arto Kuuluvainen, Thomas Berger
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Value based sales within B2B companies in Finland
Value based B2B sales makes the customer business grow profitably by understanding customers value requirement by communicating value through customer business Value based sales make the customer business grow profitably by understanding customers requirements by communicating value through customer business perspective. The salesperson must act more as a consultant and advisor by changing identity from a seller to a partner. This study explores how value-based sales is perceived by Finnish sales professionals. Drawing on 85 in-depth interviews, we conducted a theory-driven thematic analysis grounded in established academic literature. The analysis is based on first-person interviews, offering unique insight into an underrepresented national context related to views and insights on value based B2B sales in Finland. Findings reveal that value-based sales start with the detailed understanding of the customer’s needs, strategy, business and environment. Sales success is associated with emotional intelligence and interpersonal credibility, and trust is both the method and outcome of successful value-based sales. Value is realized by solving the existing real business problems by the seller rather than presenting the generic features of the product. Value-based sales evaluates sales as the relationship management and is considered as not only economic exchange but also as a moral positioning. Value-based sales was experienced to be more time consuming but yielding long-lasting and stronger results to achieve better customer retention and profitability.
Timo Holopainen, Arto Kuuluvainen, Zumrah Atif
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Negotiating Beyond Face-to-Face: Critical Challenges and Skill Requirements in Digital Buyer–Seller Interactions
All sales communications aim to identify customer needs, articulate value propositions, and guide the buyer’s decision-making process. With the rise of digital transformation and changed customer demands, sales communication activities need to be aligned related to virtual sales. This article highlights the findings of virtual negotiation competencies study conducted with Austrian and Finnish companies during 2023-2025. Totally 39 interviews were conducted with sales professionals. Findings revealed that in virtual sales, behavioral competences must compensate for reduced attention, compressed time windows and higher risks of misunderstanding. The importance of a positive, open stance toward virtual interaction was also stressed. In addition, it was found that sellers must actively interpret reduced visual signals and adapt to absent, ambiguous, or disrupted cues. Virtual professionalism, like time management and start-of-call checks, were indicators of preparedness and competence. Technical staging influenced impressions and directed attention and engagement in sales communications.
Timo Holopainen, Arto Kuuluvainen, Harri Lappalainen, Johannes Reiterer, Alexander Eigner, Eva Török-beisteiner
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Cognitive Mechanisms in Drone Delivery Interaction Interfaces: An Eye-Tracking Study
As drone delivery expands into dense, dynamic, and cognitively demanding low-altitude environments, the design of ground-station interaction interfaces has become increasingly critical to operational safety, efficiency, and situation awareness. Existing studies on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operation have emphasized global task performance and workload outcomes, yet have paid insufficient attention to the cognitive processing mechanisms through which interface design influences operator behavior. In particular, limited empirical evidence is available on how interface pop-up strategy, training intervention, and task difficulty jointly shape attention allocation and visual search in drone delivery contexts. To address this gap, this study investigates the cognitive mechanisms of drone delivery interaction interfaces by comparing two pop-up strategies, immediate-triggering and continuous-display, while further examining the roles of short-term training and progressive task difficulty. A 2 (training group: trained vs. untrained) × 2 (pop-up type: immediate-triggering vs. continuous-display) × 4 (task difficulty) mixed experimental design was adopted. Forty participants were recruited, and 32 valid samples were retained after data cleaning. Using the DJI flight simulator as the experimental platform, the study synchronously collected behavioral performance, subjective cognitive load, and eye-tracking data. Eye-tracking indicators included total fixation duration, time to first fixation (TTFF), total saccade amplitude, average pupil diameter (APD), and fixation proportion in the main information area, in order to capture operators’ cognitive resource allocation, attentional orientation, and visual search organization during task execution. The results showed that task difficulty was the dominant factor affecting behavioral performance. Task completion time increased significantly across task units, confirming the validity of the difficulty gradient. Although repeated task execution produced a practice effect, this effect weakened and tended to disappear under the highest-difficulty condition, suggesting that behavioral benefits from repeated exposure were constrained by task complexity. In contrast, neither short-term training nor pop-up type produced significant advantages in overall behavioral efficiency or global subjective workload, indicating that the effects of interface optimization cannot be adequately captured by macroscopic performance indicators alone. More importantly, the eye-tracking results revealed differentiated cognitive processing patterns that were not reflected in behavioral outcomes. Compared with the continuous-display condition, the immediate-triggering condition was associated with shorter TTFF, indicating faster orientation to critical information. By contrast, the continuous-display condition showed relatively longer fixation duration and a more distributed scanning pattern, suggesting a different visual search organization strategy. In addition, total saccade amplitude changed significantly across task progression, indicating that increasing task difficulty primarily expanded the scope of visual search, whereas its effect on initial attentional orientation was more limited. The fixation proportion in the main view area also generally increased with task difficulty, suggesting that operators increasingly concentrated attentional resources on core flight information under high-load conditions. Regarding training effects, short-term training did not directly translate into a stable behavioral advantage, but trend-level differences in attentional stability emerged under high-difficulty tasks. In particular, trained participants, especially under the continuous-display condition, showed relatively more stable attentional allocation at the most demanding stage, suggesting that the value of training may lie more in supporting cognitive organization and attentional stability than in directly improving overt performance within a short intervention period. Exploratory analyses further suggested that gender may be associated with differentiated eye-movement response patterns and interface adaptation strategies, although these findings require verification with larger samples. Overall, this study shows that the optimization value of drone delivery interfaces lies not only in improving task completion efficiency, but more importantly in shaping cognitive processing pathways, regulating attentional resources, and supporting situation awareness under increasing task demands. By combining behavioral, subjective, and eye-tracking evidence, the study offers a process-oriented human factors perspective for evaluating UAV interaction interfaces and provides empirical support for the design of cognitively adaptive interface strategies in complex low-altitude delivery scenarios.
Yutong Zhang, Yuxin Wu, Chaoyi Zeng, Tan Chunyun, Jiale Zhuang, Jialin Cai
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Human factors associated with techno-eustress and techno-distress
Digital stress, also known as technostress, has become a significant challenge for organizations undergoing digital transformation. A major concern relates to employees’ perceived physical and mental health in connection with the use of digital tools and software, as well as their level of digital competence. While negative technostress, i.e., distress has received considerable attention due to the increasing digital demands at work and during leisure time, the positive form, i.e., eustress has been mentioned far less frequently in previous studies. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying techno-eustress are not yet well understood and warrant investigation at the organizational level. This study aimed to identify the human factors associated with perceived techno-eustress and techno-distress. Specifically, it examined why some employees view digital tools and software positively, while others perceive them negatively. A large survey using modified versions of the Salanova’s and Tarafdar’s technostress instruments was conducted among public-sector organizations in Finland in spring 2025, yielding 607 responses. The data were analysed using SPSS-29, employing independent samples t-tests and Pearson correlation tests. The findings indicate that employees within the same population may experience eustress or distress depending on their digital competence, age, work tasks and attitudes towards artificial intelligence tools. Overall, the results suggest that organizations can develop digital strategies that emphasize human factors positively associated with techno-eustress.
Kimmo Vanni, Jarmo Viteli, Antti Syvanen, Erika Tanhua-Piiroinen
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
The Significance of Regional Ecosystems for the Global Business Chain in Responding to Sustainability Challenges
The global operating environment has reached a point where traditional linear supply chains can no longer meet sustainability requirements or market volatility. We are moving from a linear development phase towards exponential growth in technological integration. This transformation is not merely an incremental improvement but a radical rethinking where digital technologies merge to form flexible, decentralized, and truly circular value networks. This report aims to analyze the strategic synergy of Additive Manufacturing (AM), Artificial Intelligence (AI), XR technologies, and robotics. These technologies do not operate in a vacuum; their true value and ability to achieve ambitious ESG goals, such as minimizing Scope 3 emissions, arise from their seamless integration.Shifting toward carbon neutrality aligns with the “Carbon Neutral Uusimaa 2035 -roadmap; by reusing parts, the project directly cuts both direct and indirect emissions arising from new production.
Heikki Ruohomaa, Vesa Salminen
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Human-Centred Governance for Responsible AI Adoption: Enabling Sustainable Business Transformation and Societal Value
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming organisational operations and strategic decision-making, but its rapid adoption has outpaced the development of governance mechanisms capable of supporting sustainable growth and societal outcomes. Organisations face increasing challenges in translating ethical principles and regulatory requirements into actionable governance processes that align with business strategy and stakeholder expectations. This study develops a six-phase human-centred governance framework for responsible AI adoption through an integrative synthesis of academic literature, international standards, and regulatory frameworks, including the NIST AI Risk Management Framework, ISO/IEC 42001, and the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act. The proposed framework integrates strategic alignment, risk management, governance-by-design, organisational capability, continuous monitoring, and legal assurance into a structured and repeatable model. By positioning AI governance as a strategic capability rather than a compliance function, the framework provides a practical roadmap for organisations to embed responsible AI practices that enhance transparency, accountability, and trust. The study contributes to the field of human factors in business management by demonstrating how governance can enable sustainable organisational performance while supporting broader societal impact.
Bernard Wong
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
From Lean Agile maturity to AI Readiness: A theoretical management analysis in the digital age
Challenged by the rapid evolution of digital transformation and the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the joint approach of Lean Management and the Agile Mindset has been recognized as a potential model for organizational resilience in the digital age. However, there is a lack of evidence in the literature regarding management frameworks specifically designed for AI strategy and adoption, as most studies address these methodologies separately or within traditional management contexts. This paper serves as an introductory analysis to bridge this gap, proposing a primary correlation between Lean Agile (Leagile) principles and the strategic demands of AI. Based on the premise that Leagile is directly applicable to the digital context, this study aims to present a framework derived from six Leagile maturity dimensions: Strategy, Culture, People, Processes, Products and Governance. To achieve this, a mixed-methods exploratory study was conducted using bibliometric and deductive content analysis. Preliminary results indicate that high maturity in Strategy and Culture is a prerequisite for mitigating risks in AI adoption, while operational agility sustains technological scaling. Ultimately, Leagile maturity serves as a strategic roadmap, demonstrating that business readiness must precede the technical implementation of AI. Therefore, this exploratory analysis contributes to the field of management by positioning Leagile management as a strategic foundation to navigate the complexities of AI and the digital age.
Julia Yumi Ito
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Invisible Monitoring of Human Performance
Human performance encompasses e.g. speed, quality, resource efficiency, productivity, impact, sustainability, and adaptability and is influenced by physical, psycho-social, and cognitive factors, as well as the environmental context. Assessing overall performance by collecting, processing, and utilizing extensive data sets is very resource intensive and can cause disruption and disturbance for objects of observation. It remains unclear whether the benefits consistently outweigh the associated burdens of human performance monitoring and management. The ongoing RDI project Invisible Monitoring in Development of Well-being and Performance investigates the potential of invisible monitoring methods to minimize the burden of data collection, analysis and use while maintaining the practical value of the information produced. The project systematically tests and evaluates approaches to invisible monitoring, focusing first on applications in sports, but investigating also the potential to adapt these methods to other domains. Preliminary main findings from the ongoing project are: 1) Identifying relevant data is a challenge 2) The whole chain from data collection to decision-making needs to be addressed in terms of both benefits and burdens 3) Invisible monitoring is technology-driven 4) Solutions from sports can be applied to other domains concerning human performance 5) Ethical and secure data handling is essential 6) The greatest bottleneck is the ability of using information in decision making. A new comprehensive concept definition of invisible monitoring is proposed as a basis for developing effective knowledge-based human performance management. It is essential that technology of monitoring and data analysis, the ethical and regulatory practices as well as the competences of the users of the monitoring outputs are developed.
Mikko Pohjola, Tanja Matarma, Ismo Hämäläinen, Elisa Hakamäki, Anssi Saari, Ashley Pryke, Eero Savolainen, Johanna Ihalainen, Tomi Vänttinen, Elina Kontio
Open Access
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Conference Proceedings
Mapping Sustainability: Developing a Socio-Technical Matrix for the Classification of Sustainable Business Models
Circular business models play a central role in shaping how sustainability-oriented innovations are designed, implemented, and scaled across organizations and markets. While a wide range of sustainable and circular business model frameworks exists, they address socio-technical interactions only implicitly and offer limited support for systematic comparison. This paper develops a socio-technical classification matrix grounded in a qualitative analysis of established business model and circular economy frameworks. Two core dimensions are identified: the primary driver of change (internal versus external) and the orientation of change (technology/operational versus market/user-oriented). The resulting matrix provides a parsimonious analytical tool for comparing sustainable business models by revealing their underlying socio-technical logic, coordination demands, and transformation pathways, thereby supporting human-centered analysis and decision-making in complex sustainability transitions.
Helmut Wittenzellner, Kevin Wollert
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Determining Factors Influencing Purchase Decision of Eco-Friendly Products among Filipino Generation Z Consumers
Despite increasing environmental awareness, eco-friendly purchasing among youth remains inconsistent. This study examined the factors influencing eco-friendly product purchasing decisions among Filipino Generation Z consumers using the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Pro-Environmental Behavior Theory. The study analyzed the effects of attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control, education and eco-label awareness, green consciousness, green perceived value, and cultural values on eco-friendly product purchase. A descriptive-correlational research design was applied through an online survey of 500 Filipino Gen Z respondents aged 18–28 from different regions of the Philippines. The questionnaire consisted of demographic items and Likert-scale measures adapted from validated sources. Data were processed through the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings revealed that education, eco-label awareness, green consciousness, and perceived green value significantly influenced attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control. These variables significantly affected behavioral intention, which strongly predicted actual eco-friendly product purchase. Cultural values significantly affected attitudes and social norms, but had no significant effect on perceived behavioral control. The study provides practical implications for marketing strategies, environmental education, and policy development to promote sustainable consumption.
Reich Alexandria Balubal, Hristos Wee Hugo Beronio, Gabriel Angelo Cabral, Eurica Shane Casao, Yoshiki Kurata
Open Access
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Conference Proceedings
Sustainability in value creation systems: a systematic literature review and development of an integrative framework
Sustainability is an impactful driver of recent business operations and is gaining increasing visibility in practice and academic discussions. The increasing interest in sustainability among organizations is driven by the growing expectations of stakeholders for environmentally and socially responsible business practices. Regulatory changes often necessitate adjustments to existing business models and value chains, leading to new compliance requirements and reporting obligations. Additionally, integrating sustainability has the potential to open new opportunities for innovation and the development of new products and customer segments, providing new economic opportunities to create value. However, the research on the influence of sustainability on value creation systems is fragmented and lacks an integrative approach to the impact on value systems. To address this gap, this study conducts a systematic literature review. The goal is to synthesize the current state and identify established and emerging research areas. The analysis incorporates a total of 44 peer-reviewed articles published between 2009 and 2024 in the Scopus database through a keyword search. The thematic synthesis shows that companies that strategically embed sustainability into their value creation systems can realize long-term benefits for the environment, society, and the economy. This systematic literature review contributes two main pieces of knowledge to the academic discourse on sustainability in value creation systems. Firstly, it highlights existing knowledge and key discussion lines that shape the discourse. Secondly, it develops an integrative framework that presents complex relationships between the triple bottom line (TBL), dynamic capabilities, and sustainability implementation in value creation systems.
Jonas Christian Dietz, Manuel Kaiser, Marc Rüger
Open Access
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Conference Proceedings
Leading with Inclusion: How Inclusive Leadership and Deaf Space Shape Work Inclusivity Experiences for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Employees in Malaysia
Inclusion is a critical component of modern, human-centered workplaces, especially for individuals who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH). True inclusivity extends beyond policy—it requires intentional leadership and spatial design strategies that empower DHH employees to participate fully and authentically. This study addresses a significant research gap by examining how inclusive leadership and Deaf Space design influence perceived workplace inclusivity among DHH employees in Malaysia. Inclusive leadership involves behaviours that promote openness, psychological safety, and equitable treatment, while Deaf Space incorporates architectural elements—such as sight lines, lighting, spatial flow, and vibration-based alerts—that support visual communication and sensory awareness. These strategies address the unique cultural and communicative needs of DHH individuals, often overlooked in generalized disability inclusion frameworks. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected via an accessible, self-administered questionnaire from 200 purposively sampled DHH employees across Malaysian public and private sectors. Constructs of inclusive leadership, Deaf Space, and workplace inclusivity were measured using validated 5-point Likert scale items. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses—including Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression—were employed to assess relationships among variables. Findings revealed high levels of perceived inclusivity, with both inclusive leadership and Deaf Space features significantly and positively correlated with workplace inclusivity. Regression analysis identified inclusive leadership as a slightly stronger predictor. These results underscore that DHH inclusion is multidimensional, requiring both inclusive leadership) and physical design efforts. Organizations embracing these strategies are better positioned to create environments where DHH employees thrive.
Nor Wahiza Binti Abdul Wahat, Siti Noormi Alias, Nor Haniza Abdul Wahat
Open Access
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Conference Proceedings
Private-Sector-Led Orchestration of Urban Mobility: A Case Study of Strategic Alliance Among Competing Railway Operators for Social Implementation
Despite significant advances in technical interoperability, the organizational barriers to unifying competing urban mobility providers remain largely unresolved. This study examines a private-sector-led orchestration model in which a neutral consulting entity coordinated three competing private railway operators and multiple micro-mobility providers in a high-density Japanese metropolitan district — without governmental initiation or public subsidy. The central challenge was overcoming institutional friction: the deep-seated reluctance of legacy infrastructure operators to share operational data and revenue streams with direct rivals. Through a three-phase governance process — strategic reframing, technical standardization, and lean social deployment — the orchestrator transformed zero-sum competition into a coopetition model (Bengtsson & Kock, 2000) anchored in shared regional asset value. Empirical validation came from a 559-pass social experiment: 38.4% of users utilized three or more transport modes per journey, average per-visit spending increased by 1,757 JPY, and 62.5% of participants visited commercial areas they had never previously accessed. The findings propose a scalable framework for Autonomous Urban Orchestration, demonstrating that private-sector agility — when guided by a neutral mediator — can drive social innovation more effectively than traditional public-private partnerships.
So Nishina
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Will Time Pressure Stimulate Shared Leadership In Temporary Teams? — An Explanation Based On Social Exchange Theory
Temporary teams are increasingly prevalent in modern organizations, yet the mechanisms driving their shared leadership formation remain under-explored. Framed by Social Exchange Theory, this study investigates the influence of time pressure and individual political skill on the emergence of shared leadership. Empirical data were collected from 28 temporary teams (N = 95) and analyzed using Latent Moderated Structural Equations (LMS) in Mplus 8.3. The results demonstrate that: (1) time pressure significantly and positively predicts swift trust; (2) swift trust serves as a critical mediator between time pressure and shared leadership; and (3) political skill positively moderates the relationship between time pressure and swift trust. These findings reveal the adaptive mechanisms of shared leadership in time-constrained environments and provide managerial recommendations for optimizing temporary team performance through swift trust-building and the development of members' social competencies.
Jin Xie, Guan Jingyan, Yu Peng
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Organizational Systems Intelligence, Psychological Safety and Perceived Performance
Systems Intelligence (SI) approaches organizations through a systemic, pragmatic, bottom-up, and interactional lens, emphasizing how individuals perceive and act within interdependent systems. Psychological Safety (PS) refers to a shared belief among individuals that the group is a safe environment for interpersonal risk taking in a particular context, such as a workplace. Although prior research has shown that both SI and PS are associated with positive work outcomes, such as performance and organizational learning, but their relationship is unexplored. This study examines the associations between SI, PS, and perceived organizational performance at the organizational level. The survey was conducted with 11 industrial SMEs and had 247 respondents. The results revealed positive correlations among SI, PS, and perceived performance and further showed that perceived performance was more strongly associated with SI than with PS. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening both systemic and social capabilities in contemporary work environments characterized by complexity, rapid change, and interdependence.
Aleksi Juvonen, Satu Jumisko Pyykko, Sanna Nieminen, Kirsi Kemell, Mikko Seppälä, Satu Honkanen, Jaana Saarisilta
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
From Technology-Driven to Human-Centered: Organizational Capabilities for Sustainable Digitalization in SMEs
Digitalization is rapidly changing industrial work systems. Amidst this globally experienced transformation process Finnish working life has faced slow productivity growth and increasing problems in employee well-being. Manufacturing and logistics sectors are under pressure to adopt new digital technologies, and change is often not managed in a sufficiently human-centered way. This study examines how digitalization is managed in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and how human factors and ergonomics (HFE) are addressed in this regard. This study is based on interviews with management and expert representatives from 55 SMEs. Data were analyzed using deductive, theory-driven content analysis, structured along dynamic capabilities (sensing, seizing, shifting) across the processes of management, design and HFE. Digital technologies were typically introduced on technological and economic grounds, while HFE was weakly embedded in routines and decision-making. Digital change procedures were often unclear; information on human work was fragmented and rarely used systematically. HFE competence was narrow and focused on physical ergonomics, with limited attention to cognitive and organizational factors. Training needs were seldom assessed in a structured way. Across sensing, seizing and shifting, employee input was common but rarely translated into systematic analysis, decision criteria, or lifecycle monitoring of usability, occupational safety, workload and well-being at work. Building on these findings, the study presents an initial version of a human-centered assessment framework to guide selection, design, piloting, training, and continuous follow-up after adopting new technology.
Dong Nguyen, Arto Reiman, Jari Kaivo-oja, Maria Lindholm, Susanna Mattila, Tarmo Karhu, Tero Sotamaa, Tyyne Hulkko, Tero Villman
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Algorithmic Institutional Financial Intermediaries: Formation and Development
Algorithmic systems have transformed financial markets by automating services, driving new business models, and engaging new population segments. These algorithms prioritize service openness, inclusivity, and the removal of human intermediaries from trading and asset management. This study investigates the emergence of algorithmic financial intermediation through institutional, sociotechnical, and network lenses, incorporating the “arrow of time” concept.Objective: To trace the evolution of algorithmic intermediation as an institutional shift replacing traditional structures. The research examines how integration into online networks and computational optimization shape market dynamics, requiring updated conceptual frameworks for analysis.Results: The analysis demonstrates the intermediary mission and institutional form of financial algorithms, highlighting their specific influence on user behavior. A system of models characterizing the development of algorithmic intermediation and its market impact is established.Conclusions: Financial algorithms are defined as intermediation institutions operating within online networks. The study outlines the conditions for their development and their impact on financial inclusion while identifying new challenges and risks that market participants and regulatory authorities must address.
Igor Klioutchnikov, Maria Sigova, Anna Klioutchnikova
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
AI Support for Improving Managerial Decision-making Processes Regarding Workforce Planning
The accelerating integration of AI into the labor market is transforming the foundational dynamics of modern work, particularly through the rise of remote work and the expansion of the gig economy. Freelance platforms increasingly rely on algorithmic management systems that automate task allocation, performance monitoring, and disciplinary decisions. While these systems promise substantial productivity gains, they also introduce new challenges, including heightened information asymmetry and reduced transparency for workers who often lack mechanisms to contest automated outcomes. This disconnect has significant implications for worker well‑being, especially as critical human–resource functions become fully automated. This study proposes a methodological framework to leverage AI — specifically Natural Language Understanding — to support more transparent and equitable managerial decision making without compromising platform efficiency. Unlike conventional HR literature that assumes human involvement in conflict resolution, freelancers frequently encounter automated decisions that overlook nuanced indicators of distress. By incorporating computational techniques capable of detecting linguistic signals associated with emotional strain, this research addresses a critical gap in understanding how algorithmic systems can be designed to better account for human well‑being. The study develops an empirically grounded infrastructure for processing unstructured worker generated text, integrating sentiment analysis through the “Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner” model and discourse interpretation via a discourse relation classifier trained on the Penn Discourse Treebank. Forming a departure point to enable automated sensitivity analysis of worker feedback by discovering a strong indicator out of discourse relation type categories is the sole artefact of the research that could lead towards the proof of concept about automated sensitivity analysis of worker feedback to sustain a scalable pathway toward human centered algorithmic management.
Ferhat Kutlu
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Ontology Platform Routing Disaster Information and Data for Decision Making
Understanding the nature of the event and situation awareness during a natural disaster is crucial for survival and recovery. Management of the disaster event requires seamless coordination across numerous agencies, systems, and stakeholders. A shared understanding of the situation is critical as responders from different organizations (e.g., fire, medical, police, military) must operate under high pressure. This research examines the human-centered aspects of natural disaster management. The intelligent solution, MobiJOPA™ of start-up enterprise Husqtec Corp, served as an intelligent training environment for learning, collecting data, and describing a common event ontology for stakeholders involved with the situation and working together. The study focuses on collecting and describing disaster event information so that all related stakeholders can understand it in the same way. It is important to transform the data into an ontology platform to route it among stakeholders (presentation and sharing of the situational picture and threat assessment) so that main resources can manage the disaster situation? Data for the creation of this ontology platform have been continuously collected from regional training sessions, where participants practiced in virtual disaster-event scenarios.The study highlights the critical role of a common understanding among stakeholders involved in a disaster situation. This research highlights how cohesive teams enhance crisis response through effective communication, high morale, and trust. These factors enable quicker, more effective decision-making during critical situations. Generative AI, machine learning, and autonomous agents can greatly amplify our capabilities but without an ontology platform and semantic backbone analyzing of streams of data in real-time, predicting emerging threats, and optimizing resource distribution, the outputs could be erratic or opaque. With the ontology and knowledge graph in place, AI can reason in context and explain its conclusions using domain concepts that humans understand.
Vesa Salminen, Matti Pyykkönen, Ari Saarinen
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Small and Medium-Size Enterprises: Challenges for Return to Work
This study aims to describe current practices and contextualize the specific challenges faced by manufacturing small and medium‑sized enterprises (SMEs) when implementing best practices for sustainable return to work (RTW). Methods — A qualitative descriptive study was conducted in Québec, Canada. Data were collected through eight interviews with disability managers and two focus groups with 16 external stakeholders involved in rehabilitation and RTW (rehabilitation professionals, insurers, mutual insurance companies). Thematic and content analyses were performed.Results — Disability management was predominantly framed as medico‑administrative absence management, with minimal formalization of RTW procedures. Key challenges include a lack of structural and human resources, limited job diversity for temporary assignments, informal communication and decision‑making, limited access to collaborative structures, and relational proximity that may create vulnerability. Conclusion — Implementing RTW best practices in SMEs requires contextualized adaptations. Formalizing procedures and strengthening internal–external collaborative structures are essential avenues for action. Sustainable RTW depends on structured collaboration, explicit attention to functional limitations, and pragmatic, right‑sized guidance to support each stage of the RTW process.
Iuliana Nastasia, Romain Rives
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Enhancing Digital Advertisement Design: Eye-Tracking Analysis of Spatial Layout Influence on Viewer Attention
This research aims to discover how the spatial proximity between two crucial advertisement features—specifically, a product’s price and the “BUY NOW” prompt—shapes the purchase intentions of female university students. Using eye-tracking technology, the study analyses the viewing patterns generated by two nearly identical ads from a fictional brand selling women's heels. The layout is the sole variation between the two versions of the advertisements: in one, the price and call to action are displayed next to each other, while in the other, they are farther apart on the screen. The study examines whether a closer distance between the price and the call-to-action results in a greater visual focus and, consequently, a higher desire to purchase the shoes by comparing eye movement data. This analysis, based on consumer psychology and advertising practice, aims to offer evidence-based recommendations on how the placement of persuasive elements can influence choices across print and digital media
Emad Bataineh, Mohamed Baesl Almourad
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Educating for the Unknown: ICT Curricula in a Rapidly Shifting Software Future
The rapid transformation of software development—driven by generative AI, AI-augmented workflows, low-code/no-code environments, and the early emergence of quantum computation—challenges the structural stability of ICT curricula. As introductory programming tasks become increasingly automatable, traditional curriculum models risk reactive reform rather than systematic adaptation.This paper proposes a layered curriculum architecture designed to support resilience under conditions of paradigm-level technological uncertainty. Grounded in prior research on AI-assisted programming and LCNC-based CDIO integration, and informed by institutional curriculum mapping within ICT degree programs, the study develops a four-layer educational ecosystem model. The model integrates foundational programming competencies, structured AI-augmented workflows, experimental studio-based environments, and introductory quantum literacy modules.Rather than organizing curricula around specific tools, the framework emphasizes modularity, paradigm agility, and durable cognitive skills such as abstraction, verification, and metacognitive awareness. The proposed architecture enables incremental innovation through pilot modules while preserving long-term structural coherence.By shifting the focus from technology prediction to systematic adaptability, the paper contributes a design-oriented model for future-resilient ICT education.
Noora Nieminen, Paula Steinby, Tuomo Helo
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
The Power of Intention and the Hindrance of Ego in UX
In the world of UX Research and Design, our primary output is manifestation. We contemplate a desired outcome, align on a vision, and work cross-functionally to bring that experience into reality. However, the greatest obstacle to this creative process is not usually a lack of resources or technical skill — it is the ego. Prior research has demonstrated the negative repercussions of ego bias in the workplace, broadly. In this paper, we explore how ego hinders UX practitioners, specifically. Findings demonstrate that the ego-driven cognitive inefficiencies that have previously been identified are also prevalent in the UX industry. Role and gender differences exist, and UX practitioners universally believe that checking the ego at the door is the single greatest lever for productivity.
Jennifer Romano, Melanie Stollstorff
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
The Impact of Management Styles on Innovation Capabilities in Companies in Latvia
The competitiveness of a country and, consequently, economic growth is not possible without innovation. According to the World Economic Forum [13], the methodology for determining competitiveness includes 12 factors determining the competitiveness of a country, which are respectively grouped into four categories, one of which is the innovation ecosystem, which includes business dynamics and innovation capabilities. The management style of a company is of great importance for the development of these capabilities, which can both promote and hinder the aforementioned development. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of the management styles of company managers on the innovation capabilities of a company. To achieve the aim of the study, a document analysis was conducted on the types of management styles and their relationship with the innovation capabilities of companies, as well as an online survey (CAWI) of Latvian entrepreneurs was conducted in cooperation with the research company Norstat Latvia within a panel of entrepreneurs and business managers. The main results of the study show that the expansion of management functions often occurs together with the creation of new positions and changes in the organizational structure, and also confirm that people who have received education in the management sector more often continue to expand their knowledge in this area, but representatives of other sectors do so less often, especially if they have not chosen to continue their education at higher educational levels. In addition, it is observed that the democratic management style promotes the introduction of digital solutions, while liberal management managers use digital solutions more. The introduction and use of digital solutions is one of the factors characterizing innovation capacity, therefore the results of the study can be interpreted as significant for studying the impact of management styles on the innovation capacity of a company.
Barba Lielbarde, Salvis Lielbardis, Anda Batraga, Jelena Salkovska, Henrijs Kalkis
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Unlocking internal and external innovation capabilities: The role of strategic leadership in digital era
As industrial organizations navigate the complex landscape of digital transformation (DT), the need for effective strategic leadership and innovation capabilities becomes paramount. This empirical study seeks to investigate the competencies crucial for leaders to successfully steer their organizations through the challenges and opportunities presented by the digital era. Focusing on both internal and external innovation, the research employs a comprehensive empirical approach, drawing evidence from a diverse set of industrial organizations. Through a multiple case study approach, this research aims to identify the specific competencies that contribute to strategic leadership in the digital age. The research delves into the complexities of DT, exploring how leadership competencies can leverage technology to enhance internal processes and foster external collaborations for innovation. The findings of this research are expected to contribute to the theoretical understanding of competencies required for strategic leadership in the DT era, offering practical implications for industrial organizations aiming to stay competitive and innovative. As businesses continue to grapple with the challenges of digital disruption, this study provides a timely and valuable contribution to the evolving discourse on leadership and innovation in the industrial context.
Faisal Imran, Khuram Shahzad, Aurangzeab Butt
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Regional Sustainable Innovation via Trust and Preparedness
European Union’s Regional Innovation Valleys (RIVs) initiative provides a policy framework for challenge-driven, place-based innovation. At the same time, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a strategic enabler of regional governance, climate action, and ecosystem coordination. However, the effective use of AI in regional innovation ecosystems depends not only on technical capacity but also on institutional preparedness and trust-based collaboration. This paper examines how hybrid trust, combining social and institutional trust, supports sustainable regional innovation and ethical AI integration. The study applies a qualitative case study approach drawing on regional development initiatives in Kanta-Häme, Finland, including eco-industrial parks, Evo research forests, the DEFINE defence and dual-use innovation network and startup ecosystem activities. The findings identify four interdependent pillars of regional preparedness: institutionalized political commitment, data standardization and governance, strategic finance and human capacity, and ecosystem-based implementation. The analysis shows that AI can strengthen regional sustainability and innovation performance when embedded in human-centric governance structures supported by participatory co-creation and credible institutions. Hybrid trust functions as a strategic lever by enabling cooperation across public, private, academic, and civic actors under conditions of uncertainty and transformation. The paper contributes to research on regional innovation ecosystems and Human Systems Integration by arguing that sustainable digital transformation is fundamentally socio-technical, relational, and place-based rather than purely technological.
Minna Takala, Taina Tukiainen
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Emotional UX Breakdown and Organizational Untangling: Toward Emotional Infrastructure Design
Vision-driven organizations rely on abstract purposes to guide action under uncertainty, particularly during second-foundation growth and AI/DX transformation. While such abstraction enables adaptability, it also creates structural ambiguity, often resulting in misalignment between declared vision and everyday practice.This study employs a qualitative action research approach based on long-term participatory engagement in three Japanese organizational contexts.The findings reveal a previously under-theorized mechanism: vision–practice misalignment is informally managed through emotional translation labor. Empathetic professionals translate abstract intent into operational meaning, absorb ambiguity, and maintain psychological safety. This invisible labor functions as an implicit subsystem that stabilizes performance in the short term while concentrating emotional load on specific individuals, increasing vulnerability to burnout and exit.A leadership reflexivity gap is also identified, in which emotional feedback is not effectively integrated into decision-making. Under high-context cultural conditions, this dynamic is amplified as misalignment is internally absorbed rather than explicitly addressed.These dynamics are conceptualized as the Organizational Emotional UX Breakdown Model, reframing emotional load as a hidden system-level constraint. To move from breakdown to structural resolution, the study proposes an Organizational Untangling framework grounded in Human Systems Integration (HSI), which redistributes emotional load through visualization, decision rationale externalization, reflexive feedback loops, and cross-functional integration. AI is positioned as an emotional mediator that supports sense-making and reduces dependency on individual-based emotional processing.By positioning emotional processes as organizational infrastructure, this study extends HSI and offers a design-oriented approach to enhancing organizational resilience.
Yuko Hirai
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Industrial SMEs’ Experiences of Network Agency
To foster innovation and business development, SMEs must act as active agents within their networks. The aim of this study is to investigate industrial SMEs’ experiences of network agency. We conducted 12 semi-structured group interviews with key personnel and core team members of industrial SMEs. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings are presented as a model of SMEs’ network agency, comprising six interconnected components. At its core are (1) the network of actors, (2) the characteristics of the collaboration among these actors, (3) the perceived benefits of network agency, and (4) building and managing networks. These core elements are further shaped by (5) enabling factors and (6) limiting factors. For academics, the study offers new insights into the characteristics of network agency in the context of SMEs. For practitioners, it provides practical guidance for strengthening network agency in industrial SMEs.
Sanna Nieminen, Satu Jumisko Pyykko, Kirsi Kemell, Mikko Seppälä, Satu Honkanen
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Exploring Meeting Dynamics Indicators using Keyword Co-occurrence Networks
One promising approach to improving meeting efficiency and productivity is to support meetings through in-meeting interventions based on real-time monitoring of meeting dynamics. This study investigates the validity of meeting dynamics indicators computed using Keyword Co-occurrence Networks and principal component analysis, which were proposed in our previous study. More specifically, this study examines the relationship between these indicators and meeting quality, as well as their context dependence, to clarify their applicability to monitoring and supporting meeting states. Verbal data collected from real-world corporate meetings and controlled meeting experiments were analyzed. Meeting dynamics indicators were computed from the spoken content of the meetings, and their relationships with perceived meeting processes and objective meeting outcomes were assessed using correlation analyses and analyses of variance. These analyses were used to evaluate the validity and context dependence of the indicators. The results indicate that the indicators are more strongly associated with perceived meeting performance than with objective meeting outcomes, and that their interpretation and effectiveness depend strongly on meeting type, including its structure. Overall, these findings suggest that meeting dynamics indicators can function as metacognitive cues that help participants reflect on their current meeting state in intervention settings, and that they may serve as practical indicators to support monitoring of meeting states and iterative improvement cycles for meeting processes.
Yusuke Sugita, Taro Kanno, Yingting Chen, Yuta Yoshino, Shuhei Watanabe
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings
Efficient by Design: Using Behavioral Nudges to Eliminate Errors and Unlock High-Performance Operations
Organizations routinely lose 20–30% of productivity to preventable errors, rework, and inefficient decision-making. Traditional approaches focus on training, accountability, or technology upgrades, yet these interventions often fail because they treat recurring mistakes as individual failures rather than predictable outcomes of poorly designed systems. This presentation introduces a practical behavioral systems framework, Efficient by Design, that shifts the focus from “fixing people” to redesigning the decision environments in which they work.Drawing on Kahneman’s dual-process theory (System 1 and System 2 thinking), Prospect Theory, and Thaler & Sunstein’s choice architecture, the framework equips leaders with a repeatable diagnostic tool and six evidence-based design levers: Defaults, Feedback, Mapping, Error Expectancy, Incentives, and Structuring Complex Choices. These tools enable managers to diagnose where cognitive biases and structural frictions invite errors and then redesign workflows so the correct action becomes the path of least resistance.The methodology is illustrated through multiple real-world case studies. Examples include redesigning a service desk ticketing system using informed defaults and real-time feedback that reduced misrouting from 35% to under 2%; making errors physically impossible in a busy restaurant kitchen by redesigning chemical storage and dishwashing processes using forcing functions; and running mapping exercises prior to a major technology upgrade that revealed the lived experience of the new system, ultimately preventing a costly long-term investment that would have created significant user friction and productivity loss.This work contributes to the field of Human Factors in Management by demonstrating how behavioral science principles can be operationalized into practical tools that bridge the gap between academic theory and daily business execution. It shows that when systems are intentionally designed around human cognitive strengths and limitations — rather than against them — organizations can dramatically reduce error rates, improve decision quality, and unlock higher performance.The presentation will include the Decision Diagnostic tool, visual examples of before-and-after system redesigns, and actionable recommendations that attendees can apply immediately in their own organizations. Ultimately, Efficient by Design reframes operational excellence as a human-centered design challenge rather than a motivation or training problem.
Joseph Caccitolo
Open Access
Article
Conference Proceedings