Application of Emerging Technologies

AHFE International

Accelerating Open Access Science in Human Factors Engineering and Human-Centered Computing

Application of Emerging Technologies

book-cover

Editors: Tareq Ahram, Waldemar Karwowski

Topics: Artificial Intelligence & Computing, Human Systems Interaction

Publication Date: 2023

ISBN: 978-1-958651-91-9

DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1004295

Articles

The Paradigm Shift from Industry 4.0 Implementation to Industry 5.0 Readiness

"Industry 4.0," initially a German initiative focused on technological advancements within the industrial sector, has garnered global recognition. Other nations have also initiated similar strategic endeavours, leading to extensive research dedicated to the development and implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies. More recently, the European Commission introduced "Industry 5.0," a decade following the inception of Industry 4.0. While Industry 4.0 is commonly perceived as technology-driven, Industry 5.0 is heralded as value-driven. The coexistence of these two industrial revolutions has spurred significant debates and necessitates thorough explanations. The business sector plays a pivotal role in fostering economic growth. However, the integration of new technology and the growing complexity of products and production processes have direct repercussions on industrial companies and their workforce. Critics of the Industry 4.0 paradigm underscore its technocratic focus on digitalization and novel technologies. Consequently, when Industry 5.0 emerged, discussions regarding its function and rationale gained rapid prominence. Industry 5.0 complements Industry 4.0, emphasizing the pivotal role of workers in the industrial process. Industry 4.0 has facilitated remarkable technological advancements, including additive manufacturing, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, cyber-physical systems, blockchain, and cybersecurity. These technologies address issues like demand fluctuations and market instability by minimizing human involvement in decision-making through the integration of computers, materials, and AI. Nonetheless, Industry 4.0 must surmount challenges in data security, supply chain management, human resource administration, and technological integration. In contrast, Industry 5.0 tackles these challenges with innovations such as predictive maintenance, hyper-customization, cyber-physical cognitive systems, and collaborative robots, placing a strong emphasis on human-centricity. The introduction of Industry 5.0 heralds an anticipated paradigm shift, prioritizing holistic, sustainable, and human-centered value generation. However, the escalating complexity of digitalization poses considerable difficulties, particularly for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) with limited resources for effective digitalization initiatives. This study delves into the literature surrounding improvements for both Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0, addressing issues such as data privacy and technical integration problems. In Industry 5.0, resilience emerges as a crucial factor in enabling hyper-individualization and customized product offerings. Additionally, this study provides a concise exploration of the primary drivers and facilitators of the adoption of these new paradigms. It subsequently conducts a literature-based analysis, examining how these two paradigms differ from three essential perspectives: people, technology, and organizations. Moreover, it offers a comprehensive framework to assist researchers and businesses in comprehending the technologies, challenges, and solutions associated with Industry 4.0.

Arvin Shadravan, Hamid Parsaei

Conference Proceedings

Application of fishery waste on window grilles cement tile

Aquaculture by-products, such as oyster shells, clam shells, and fish scales, are considered business wastes and are frequently discarded and buried without treatment, causing environmental and ecological problems. To recycle fishery waste, this study proposed using recycled materials such as oyster shell powders, clam shell powders, and fish scale fragments as aggregate substitutes in cement mortar for making cement tiles. The application of cement materials is diverse, ranging from indoor and outdoor landscape decoration and building materials to artistic creations and home decoration products. This study is proposed to produce cement tiles with a richer window grilles surface texture. First, wastes from the aquaculture industry, such as oyster shells, clam shells, and fish scales, were washed, ground, and mixed with cement mortar in different proportions to produce cement tiles, which were then subjected to relevant tests to assess their physical properties such as water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, and warpage. The cement tiles that meet the CNS specification for indoor wall tiles were further integrated into the window grilles processing.

Pei-ju Lin, Fan-chu Kuo

Conference Proceedings

Construction and application of multi-dimensional feature model of Ming-style furniture based on grounded theory

The cultural connotation, modelling characteristics and production technology carried by Ming-style furniture are the precious cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and one of the crucial components of Chinese traditional culture. Under the background of the new era, this paper conducts an in-depth study on Ming-style furniture to inherit and carry forward the traditional Chinese furniture culture and then promote the development of the modern furniture design industry. It combines literature review, case analysis and grounded theory research methods. Firstly, collect many paintings, books and periodicals related to Ming-style furniture, and classify them. Secondly, use the three-level coding process of grounded theory to construct a multidimensional feature model of Ming-style furniture. Lastly, statistical analysis methods further refine the modelling elements of Ming-style furniture. The research results show that a complete multidimensional theoretical model of Ming-style furniture is constructed, composed of six modules: production process, decorative characteristics, material selection, modelling characteristics, category subdivision and size ratio. Otherwise, a MySQL database has been implemented to facilitate storing and managing the multidimensional feature data, encompassing a backend management system, a conceptual model design, and a frontend display system. Finally, the application effectiveness of the constructed multidimensional feature database is demonstrated through visualizations.

YALI WANG, Yan Gan, Xinxiong Liu

Conference Proceedings

Evaluating Performance of Restaurant POS Processes in Fast-Food Restaurants

There are billions of operations happening in a wide range of sectors on a daily basis. When it comes to the hospitality sector, it appears essential to handle POS operations in a more efficient way in restaurants. To fill the gap in the studies about event log data in the fast food restaurant POS context, an approach needs to be developed. Regarding these, in this study, restaurant event log data for taking orders are comprehensively analyzed using process mining principles and machine learning applications to increase productivity. After the discovery of processes, the bottlenecks of the existing system were extracted in fast food restaurant point of sale (POS). The main focus was determined as order-taking process times, which can be the most troubled part of the fast food delivery process. Regression analysis was conducted to identify possible reasons for increasing time for order taking in a restaurant pos. This analysis can extract the main drawbacks of the system and provide insights to solve problematic points in order to increase productivity. Process discovery techniques, such as heuristics miner, directly follows graph (DFG) are used under process mining methodologies to discover event logs in a visual manner in the background. To be able to understand the logic of event logs deeply, exploratory data analysis techniques were performed to identify the effect of log activity types by also focusing on their respective attributes. Afterwards, it needed to adopt performance analysis, comparative, and action-oriented process mining techniques to evaluate, identify, and operationally support the business. In addition to process mining approaches, feature engineering, descriptive statistics techniques and outlier elimination are used along with various regression methods such as XgBoost, Random Forest to identify the relationship between variables of the system. The detailed descriptions of the feature relations are also explained to understand how variables affect the order taking time directly or indirectly. After that, the study found possible reasons, such as how many products are sold or how many different operators are working on that POS, affecting ordering time and how much they are specific to its context. By identifying these reasons, it is shown that order-taking processing times in a restaurant POS can be dramatically decreased with specific recommended actions in particular contexts. By applying research findings, order-taking process times are expected to improve by around 21% in a territorial business, which implies productivity growth in POS environments. Consequently, the study first showed how different techniques can be used to identify outliers in relationship metrics in restaurant POS event log data. Secondly, it is a direct, crucial example of what factors affect a restaurant's POS processes and how much. Meanwhile, it significantly suggests machine learning integrated process mining approaches by combining the mentioned techniques. Lastly, the paper can reveal how efficient this process structure is for operator usage, which is a question of further study.

Hüseyin Şahan, Sultan Ceren Öner, Ahmet Tugrul Bayrak, İlker Baştürk, Olcay Taner Yıldız

Conference Proceedings

Human Evaluation of “Colored” Hydrogen Transactions Towards Carbon Neutrality

An incorporated analysis of selling green hydrogen and gray hydrogen, as opposed to sellingtheir mixed hydrogen, is investigated. Specifically, we analyze how the social surplus is characterized for the mixed hydrogen. We perform supply/demand analysis of the mixed hydrogen in terms of the ratio of the green hydrogen. Furthermore, we derive the equilibrium price and social surplus, and clarify the optimal sales of green hydrogen. In addition, for the case where green hydrogen and gray hydrogen are traded in separate markets, we discuss what measures can be taken to increase the demand for green hydrogen.

Tomohisa Hayakawa, Masato Kigoshi

Conference Proceedings

The incremental development of a collapsible aerial module for the management of the calamity generated by soil drought

Extended areas of the planet are experiencing drought, a natural phenomenon that occurs due to a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall or when water is insufficient. Drought is a critical global problem affecting the environment, economies and social well-being of communities around the world, with severe impacts on agriculture, wildlife, water supplies and public health.The most efficient technique for protecting the soil against pedological drought is represented by mulching, a technique that enables the preservation of the soil moisture (by reducing evaporation) and limitation of the weed growth (lack of light forces etiolation and exhaustion). In addition, considering that an extraordinary variety of living beings could be developed under the mulch, the most important being represented by the Oligochaeta taxon and Annelida family, through mulching, digging and loosening operations are eliminated.The paper presents the stages of the incremental iterative development of a collapsible aerial module used for mulching the soil affected by extreme pedological drought, starting from the specific requirements imposed to the functional system by the real conditions of usage. The phases of iterative development were completed, starting from the digital and experimental design, the realization and testing of the system. Thus, the initialization phase included the digitization sequences corresponding to the digital design of the system and performance evaluation through testing (sketcher, part design, assembly design and generative structural analysis) for 3 distinct requirements: i) the module has a load with a mass of 5000 kg, t0=0 s; ii) part of the load is placed and there is a remaining part of 2000 kg, t1=t0+ɛ s, and iii) the module is empty, t2= t0+ɛ+ɤ s. The testing was carried out for all the 3 different situations as a function of time and the deformation under the effect of dynamic pressure, Von Mises stress fields and distribution of displacement vectors and errors were visualised.The possible cracks of the system were predicted using the Von Mises criterion, according to which the limit state of the solid body appears when the specific potential energy that modify the shape reaches the characteristic limit value of the material (allowable resistance of min +010N_m2). The second phase of the incremental development consists in the experimental design with the help of the Optitex Pattern Making PDS (EFI Optitex) software, obtaining the type-dimensions of the system and the multiplication (2D pattern construction, 3D simulation and visualization).The incremental development approach leads to a rapid development and realization of the functional model used in the case of pedological drought, and its systematic testing in real conditions of usage will determine both the improvement of the type-dimensional parameters, and the definition of the technological process.

Alexandra Gabriela Ene, Mihaela Jomir, Carmen Mihai

Conference Proceedings

Conceptualizing the Influence of Digital Musicpreneurs on the Music Streaming Ecosystem in the Global South: An Actor-Network Perspective

It has been almost a decade since the emergence of music streaming services (MSS) started changing the economic fortunes of the music industry globally. The International Federation for Phonographic Industry (IFPI) reports that since 2015 streaming has consistently dominated the music industry revenue, currently accounting for more than 67% of total global recorded music revenue (IFPI, 2023). In the Global South, this growth has been marked with the recent interest of global giants in the music streaming industry such as Boomplay and Spotify seeking to gain grounds in several Sub-Saharan countries including Ghana. Despite the significant growth and interest in the contemporary music industry, the specific dynamics and framework within which streaming operates in the context of Ghana’s music industry is yet to be explored. This study thus aims to explore and conceptualize the influence of digital entrepreneurs in the streaming business ecosystem in Ghana, utilizing an Actor-Network Theory (ANT) analysis. With the rise of music streaming and the advent of independent music production and distribution, a new category of entrepreneurs known as “digital musicpreneurs” have emerged as key players in reshaping the music industry landscape.Drawing on the ANT framework, this paper adopts a comprehensive approach to analyze the intricate interactions, relationships, and power dynamics between these digital musicpreneurs and various actors within the music industry business ecosystem in Ghana. This study seeks to provide a conceptual understanding of the transformative impact of these entrepreneurs on the ecosystem, taking into account the unique challenges and opportunities faced by the Global South music industry. In its analysis, the following dimensions are considered. First, the study explores the dynamic interactions between digital musicpreneurs and other actors, including musicians, producers, record labels, distributors, and the dominant digital platform in Ghana, Boomplay. Also, this study delves into the role of technology, particularly digital platforms and online tools, in mediating the activities of digital musicpreneurs, with a particular emphasis on how these technologies are utilized and accessed in Ghana. It explores how digital musicpreneurs leverage technology to create and distribute music, engage with audiences, and develop innovative business models, considering the infrastructural and digital divide challenges faced by the Global South. Furthermore, this paper focuses on understanding how digital musicpreneurs contribute to value creation within the music industry ecosystem in Ghana. It explores their innovative approaches to music production, marketing, and monetization, while considering the specific economic constraints, market dynamics, disruptions caused by their entrepreneurial activities and their implications for the Global South music industry. Finally, this paper analyzes the network effects and ecosystem evolution resulting from the influence of digital musicpreneurs and explores how their actions and collaborations shape the industry’s competitive landscape, foster innovation, and drive ecosystem growth. By adopting an ANT analysis with a Global South perspective, this study will generate insights that have implications for various stakeholders in the Ghana music industry, including digital musicpreneurs themselves, musicians, record labels, policymakers, and industry practitioners.

Reginald Arthur, Olivia Anku Tsede, Mohammed-Aminu Sanda, Eleonora Belfiore, Thilde Langevang

Conference Proceedings

Mediation of the recovery of satisfaction on the influence of perceived fairness on client trust in a two-star hotel. Peru Case.

In a study, the trust variable (TR) was examined as a mediating variable, as well as the satisfaction recovery (SR) variable, and finally the perceived fairness (PF) referring to the understanding of consumer reactions to the difficulties encountered when using company services. The model used in this study was modified from what was reported by Kim et al. (2009). The main objective was to determine the SR between the influence of the PF and the TR of the client of a two-star hotel. The approach used was quantitative, with a cross-sectional design and an explanatory level, and questionnaires were used to collect data. Finally, the results suggest that SR did not play a mediating role in this context, which implies that the drawbacks and failures examined in the study did not have a significant influence on the other variables evaluated.

Luis Jhonny Dávila Valdera, Madeleine Espino Carrasco, Danicsa Espino, Edson David Valdera Benavides, Rafael Martel Acosta, Claudia Arbañil Chicoma, Mayury Espino Carrasco, Royer Vasquez Cachay, Lady Violeta Dávila Valdera, Anny Katherine Dávila Valdera, Senaida Milagros Guevara Cruzado

Conference Proceedings

Designing a Learning History Storing Framework with Blockchain Technology for Against Multi Hazards

On February 24, 2022, Russian forces began their invasion of Ukraine. As of May 2023, approximately 20% of Ukraine has been occupied by Russia, and the war is still ongoing. Conflicts and wars devastate many buildings, infrastructure, regional transportation networks, and telecommunications networks. The outbreak of war threatens the very existence of not only the occupied territories but also the nation itself. Obviously, this has a major impact on the continuity of social life itself.On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. This declaration remained in effect until its termination on May 5, 2023. During this period, the pandemic caused global logistical outages and disrupted human interaction. The outbreak of infection caused by the pandemic restricted the ability of people to meet or talk directly with each other.Extreme weather events caused by climate change are becoming more frequent and more damaging every year. In July 2022, temperatures exceeding 40°C were observed in eastern England for the first time in recorded history. Abnormally high temperatures caused by heat waves lead to major fires in the region. The largest wildfire in southwestern France burned more than 19,000 hectares of land. It is reported that more than 34,000 residents were evacuated.Whatever the cause, natural disasters or conflicts, they generally have a significant impact on the lives of citizens and social activities. The impacts are long-lasting. Depending on the type of disaster, the disaster recovery frameworks that have been effective in the past may not work in some situations.In the field of higher education, such as university education, the use of learning analysis, which aims to clarify learners' learning behavior based on their learning history, is being actively pursued. Learning histories are stored in public clouds such as Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud Platform, and are protected by the large-scale disaster recovery mechanism of cloud storage. However, the outbreak of war or regional conflict, or the occurrence of a disaster that threatens the survival of a country itself, makes it difficult to provide public cloud services, which are merely private commercial services. We must ensure that the learning history of learners, which cannot be recovered once it is lost, is stored and maintained even in multi-hazard situations.In this study, we construct a learning history storing framework that applies blockchain technology in order to store and maintain learners' learning history even in multi-hazard situations. By applying the decentralized and autonomous nature of blockchain technology, the learning history can be maintained and restored even in the event of a functional failure or data loss of information communication networks or data centers due to a disaster. In this presentation, we describe the design of a blockchain mechanism for learning history retention and describe a learning history retention mechanism linked to an existing Learning Management System. The design and effectiveness of the prototype system implemented for validation are also described.

Satoshi Togawa, Akiko Kondo, Kazuhide Kanenishi

Conference Proceedings

Exploring Generative AI as a Proxy User for Early Stage User Research - Preliminary Findings

The potential of generative AI has exploded of late, largely due in part because of the improved accessibility that tools like ChatGPT afford for non-data-scientist / developer users. One potential area of application is for Generative AI models to serve as proxy users in early stage user research. User research is a crucial component of product development, helping to understand user needs, preferences, and behaviors. However, conducting user research can be time-consuming, resource-intensive, and may require access to a user population that is challenging to access (e.g., military users). Generative AI models have shown remarkable progress in generating human-like text and simulating user interactions based on a significant corpus of training materials that serves as the knowledge base for the AI’s reasoning. This paper provides preliminary findings from explorations on the feasibility of leveraging generative AI as a proxy user to inform early stage user research. Using the GPT-4.0 architecture and the Open-AI ChatGPT user interface (chat.openai.com), we conducted preliminary research for six different candidate end user populations. This was accomplished by generating generic product descriptions, notional user personas each respective product, contextualizing ChatGPT to act as the user persona, and then asking a series of generic user experience research (UXR) questions of the GPT model. Responses from ChatGPT were then scored by three UXR / Human Factors subject-matter experts to evaluate the perceived utility of ChatGPT’s responses in terms of supporting early stage product design as a proxy human user. By evaluating the effectiveness of generative AI as a proxy user, this research aims to shed light on its potential benefits and limitations in supporting early stage user research efforts. While additional research is still needed (e.g., comparing the results of ChatGPT to responses generated by actual end users, having SME’s evaluate the accuracy and completeness of ChatGPT’s responses), preliminary findings are promising for the potential that generative AI models hold to serve as early stage proxy users to inform research and product design efforts in domains where significant corpuses of data already exist for model training, and where access to human end users may be restricted our otherwise prohibited.

Michael Jenkins, Elizabeth Thiry, Richard Stone, Caroline Kingsley, Calvn Leather

Conference Proceedings

Prototyping of the experimental lifting parachute system

Aquatic accidents and incidents due to the hydro-meteorological conditions or to the carelessness of the crew (that can generate failures and collisions between ships), the research of the wrecks and of the lifting of various archaeological, speleological, ecological, geological underwater objects, require the usage of the lifting parachute that represents an extremely useful equipment in these situations.The paper presents the prototyping of the dispensable and executable system including the description of the working environment represented by the fluid medium which can be used as a basis for formulating the requirements imposed for: i) product development (type-dimensions, engineering characteristics, raw material, maximum working depth, object weight flushed), and ii) operation in blue water (open sea where there are no visual reference points to determine the positioning in the water column, and where depth monitoring and strict buoyancy control are needed).From a mathematical point of view, it was considered that, in a marine or oceanic wave, as the depth increases, the circular movement of the fluid particles on the surface transforms and their movement could be described by a set of hyperbolic differential equations.The values of the total force necessary to raise the "wreck" to the surface were determined as a function of the: i) weight of the outside and inside deposits, ii) adhesion force on the bottom of the water, iii) theoretical lift capacity and actual lift capacity. It was demonstrated that for a parachute of a certain shape, with dimensions of 55cm x 55 cm, at a pressure of 8 bar, the maximum weight that can be lifted to the surface is 15,000 kgf. In addition, the following specific coefficients for the aquatic systems design were considered: coefficient of floating area: 0.84; block coefficient: 0.652; belt convergence coefficient: 1.03, etc.The system thus developed was tested with the help of a specialized software, based on the following working assumptions: the medium is continuous, so the mass distribution is continuous in the analysed volume; the infinitesimal internal forces in the environment are considered average statistical values of the interaction forces between the constituent elements; the environment is loaded with concentrated forces Fi and distributed loads pi. These input data enabled to evidence the deformations under the effect of dynamic pressure, Von Misses nodal values, the distribution of displacement vectors and errors. The same set of input data will be used for testing the system under real conditions of usage.

Alexandra Gabriela Ene, Carmen Mihai, Constantin Jomir

Conference Proceedings

Exploring Human autonomy teaming methods in challenging environments: the case of uncrewed system (UxS) solutions – challenges and opportunities (with AI)

Current uncrewed system (UxS) solutions tend to operate with tightly coupled Command and Control systems, making it difficult to contribute to operating as an integrated force. The case presented in this article is used to reason at the conceptual level about the different requirements and approaches for a future Norwegian UxS Integrated C2 system in order to inform the national development of an UxS Integrated C2 Reference Architecture. This is one in a series of papers that will develop a mission engineering approach and represents functional analysis needed for future acquisition of Norwegian UxS. Based on this work and the development of the situated Cognitive Engineering (sCE)-method eliciting knowledge, and knowledge acquisition information, we make key findings for outlining a strategic guide for an initial Norwegian UxS reference system and set-up (manning, organization and technical know-how).UxS solutions must be available to support ISR services for a variety of tasks and units on all military branches and levels. An UxS reference system must be adapted to the operational area and be available to operate within a harsh environment at the Northern Flank of NATO supporting those who need the information. Modern UxS solutions are based on human control and management, which entails human autonomy teaming which can be labour-intensive, with the potential for cognitive overload as well as bottlenecks in information processing. In the article, we presents a framework that support future acquisition of Norwegian UxS that suggests that autonomy must be distributed to reduce vulnerability and be scalable to handle emergency adapted the Northern Flank of NATO environment e.g. an autonomous system that interacts with its surroundings demonstrating a cooperative design approach with new opportunities (e.g. with and without AI support). We claim that a common future acquisition framework of Norwegian UxS applications (with AI) can reduce the burden on the operator based on results from our Functional Analysis (sCE-method) and empirical studies.

Rune Stensrud, Sigmund Valaker, Olav Rune Nummedal

Conference Proceedings

Satellite-Assisted Continuous Roving Unmanned IoT/RF Sensor Enhanced Robot (SATCRUISER) for AI Data Generation - Preliminary Findings

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has revolutionized the landscape of facility and supply chain security, offering unprecedented opportunities for real-time monitoring, proactive threat detection, and enhanced operational resilience. However, the increasing adoption of IoT devices in the context of facility and supply chain security has resulted in novel implications for safeguarding assets and mitigating risks. The dynamic nature of modern facilities and complex supply chains demands robust security measures to safeguard assets, prevent disruptions, and ensure operational continuity. Traditionally, security systems have relied on static, fragmented approaches, often lacking comprehensive visibility and real-time insights. The advent of IoT devices, presented a paradigm shift, enabling the creation of interconnected ecosystems that monitor and secure critical assets throughout the facility and supply chain. IoT devices offer an array of benefits in facility and supply chain security. These devices can be deployed as sensors, actuators, and monitoring devices, collecting and transmitting data on various parameters such as access control, environmental conditions, inventory levels, and equipment performance. While the proliferation of IoT devices presents potential, it also brings forth certain challenges. The interconnectedness of devices increases the attack surface, raising concerns about cybersecurity vulnerabilities and potential breaches. Ensuring robust security measures, including secure device authentication, encryption, and regular firmware updates, is crucial to safeguard against unauthorized access and potential data compromises.Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one rapidly maturing and evolving technology domain with potential to bolster the security of this class of IOT-based security solutions. Specifically, AI holds potential to provide more robust and responsive capabilities to ensure IOT device and endpoint security (e.g., anomaly detection, predictive maintenance, threat intelligence, automated security response, behavior monitoring, etc.). AI-driven security measures hold the potential to provide a robust defense against emerging threats, that can continuously learn and adapt to detect and enable mitigation of emerging threat vectors. However, high-quality data to train AI models is vital. The accuracy and performance of AI algorithms heavily depend on the quality, diversity, and quantity of the training data. To train AI algorithms effectively, a vast amount of diverse and labeled data is required. However, acquiring such data can be challenging, as it necessitates extensive and continuous data collection from various sources. Traditional methods of data gathering often fall short due to limitations in coverage, scalability, and real-time data availability. This paper provides an overview and initial findings from a rapid prototyping / hackathon effort to develop a Satellite-Assisted Continuous Roving Unmanned IoT/RF Sensor Enhanced Robot (SATCRUISER) that enables continuous collection, geolocalization, and backhaul of facility's IOT endpoints and wireless activity. The intent of SATCRUISER is to enable continuous collection of quality IOT wireless data that can be used for initial AI model training and, eventually, ongoing model learning and facility monitoring. We present the SATCRUISER system architecture and initial findings from pilot collection periods to source a baseline corpus of data to train novel AI IOT security models.

Michael Jenkins, Calvin Leather, Sean Kelly

Conference Proceedings

Fifth Generation Wireless Network Usage in Food Industry Operations: Barriers and Benefits

The world is currently witnessing a new industrial revolution marked by the digitization and automation of industry through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The food industry is one of the largest globally and contributes to the sustainability of human existence. The majority of the activities in this industry are characterized by their dynamism, decentralization, temporality, and the involvement of a large number of personnel, machinery, and supplies. Therefore, this study assessed the barriers to the use and the benefits of adopting Fifth Generation (5G) wireless networks in the food industry operations. The study adopted a systematic literature review approach in identifying the applications of 5G wireless network in the food industry operations. Findings from the study revealed that there are various barriers to the adoption of 5G wireless network in the food industry operations as well as benefits. The study concluded that the adoption of 5G wireless network in the operations of the food industry would promote the efficiency and effectiveness of the industry. The study expanded on previous research by promoting this wireless network to help the industry raise awareness about the various barriers and benefits of the 5G wireless network applications in the food industry’s operations.

Adetola Adeniyi, Clinton Aigbavboa

Conference Proceedings

Advanced Systems Engineering and Continuous Value Shaping: Opportunities and future directions for value-added innovations with Services

In nearly all economies, Services account for a significant share of value creation and provide a substantial potential for value-added innovation. In order to realize value-added innovation with services, however, respective development approaches and methods must also be adapted to the advancing digitalization, the dynamics of markets and the complex challenges of a volatile world. Regarding this issue, our paper explores two novel development approaches, namely Advanced Systems Engineering (ASE) and Continuous Value Shaping (CVS), and analyses what learnings can be derived for developing value-added innovation with services. By linking these new research approaches to the systematic development of services, new opportunities and future directions are derived.

Rainer Nägele, Jens Neuhüttler, Walter Ganz

Conference Proceedings

Developing a human-centered reference model for streamlining failure management in supply chains: An integrative approach to communication processes and recommender systems for SME

The efficacy of a company's supply chain and its communication processes plays a pivotal role in determining its success. Reference models, which are essentially enterprise or information models with specific, reusable content, offer benefits such as expediting the modelling process, leveraging experiential knowledge, and boosting economic efficiency. Noteworthy among such models are the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, the damaged parts analysis process, and the 8D report, predominantly utilized to chronicle and assess communication discrepancies in supply chains. The SCOR model, applicable across diverse sectors, concentrates on five fundamental processes: Planning, Procurement, Production, Delivery, and Return. Despite its extensive functionalities, the SCOR is primarily employed for depicting processes rather than devising them. It offers limited direction in designing cooperative coordination processes and lacks a direct role in methodically addressing and resolving failures. The damaged parts analysis process, an initiative by the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA), offers collaborative solutions for supply chain issues. However, it doesn't deliver comprehensive guidelines or procedures for fostering cooperation and communication. On the other hand, the 8D method is a paramount problem-solving strategy in the automotive realm, focusing on streamlining complaint management and fostering effective communication with stakeholders. Alongside the 8D, methodologies like Six Sigma and the PDCA cycle can be incorporated into supply chains. Nevertheless, the adoption of these methodologies often proves resource-intensive for small and medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), leading to constrained defect data gathering and prolonged durations for defect detection and resolution. This predicament is exacerbated by many SMEs' absence of a systematic approach to failure documentation. The prevalence of manual or localised record-keeping among SMEs impedes the development of a consolidated, data-informed failure knowledge base. A potential remedy could be envisioned in a robust knowledge base at the heart of an automated recommender system. Such a system might offer timely failure detection, discern correlations, pinpoint causes, and recommend interventions. These advancements could be instrumental in curtailing failure-associated expenses and procuring a sustained competitive edge. Moreover, these innovations can pave the way for SMEs to attain a digital maturity crucial for their prospective competitiveness.The objective of this paper is the conceptualisation of a human-centered reference model tailored to simplify the management of supply chain failures. This model aspires to facilitate the transparent delineation, communication, and rectification of failures spanning the entire supply chain continuum. Implementation of the reference model, in tandem with recommendation assistants, can dramatically curtail the timespan required to detect and address supply chain failures.

Turgut Refik Caglar, Elena Andrushchenko, Maurice Meyer, Efe Deniz Karaaslan, Roland Jochem

Conference Proceedings

Application of ChatGPT in Design Thinking

ChatGPT from OpenAI belongs to the most-hyped advancements of artificial intelligence in research and practice. Both disciplines agree that AI applications like ChatGPT will change the way how business is done. Due to its enormous capabilities, it can effectively support the work of any discipline and augment the human worker’s capabilities: It is able to mimic human conversations, write and debug computer programs, write essays, and solve complex tasks. However, despite these game-changing capabilities, the question of whether AI cannot only mimic or augment human capabilities but have its own creativity remains. Especially recent AI applications have limited capabilities when it comes to emotions and human-centered insights. However, this is crucial to develop novel and creative solutions for people, as it is the aim of design thinking. Both human-centered and emotional insights into people are central to the success of the results of the design thinking process. At the same time, these insights are potential limitations of recent AI applications. For this reason, we decided to combine design thinking with ChatGPT and formulated the following research question: How can AI be used in the design thinking process? To answer this research question, we organized a design thinking workshop and asked the participants to use ChatGPT in the entire design thinking process that consists of the phases of empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. All relevant problem-solving tasks were executed by the chatbot. The participant’s only task was to fix ChatGPT’s output on post-its and arrange them as it is commonly done when humans do design thinking. Summing up, this article contributes to the literature as follows: First, we provide novel insights into the application of ChatGPT as one of the most consumer-used AI technologies. We show how ChatGPT can be used in combination with this well-known creativity technique and share our experience from our workshop. Second, we link the capability of ChatGPT with the requirements of design thinking and provide sample tasks for the chatbot that can be used in academia and practice. Third, we provide insights into the strengths and limitations of ChatGPT in creative problem-solving.

Heiko Fischer, Martin Dres, Sven Seidenstricker

Conference Proceedings

Addressing the Practical Challenges of Implementing Blockchain in Engineering and Manufacturing

This paper describes the state of the art and the potential for realized application of blockchain technology in the machinery and equipment industry for secure exchange of process and product data between the supplier and the customer.Since its introduction and increasing popularity in the financial industry, Blockchain has become a transformative technology with significant impact on various industries. It has attracted significant attention and interest in sectors such as supply chain management, insurance, and agriculture. The use of blockchain in manufacturing and engineering is even more novel.By providing a decentralized and immutable ledger, blockchains can enable secure and transparent transactions, streamlined supply chain management, improved traceability of products, and greater trust in the integrity and validity of data between participants in a network.Aside from cryptocurrencies, interest, understanding, use, and implementation of blockchain technology are still at an early stage. Consequently, blockchain technologies are still encountering various problems and limitations. These include excessive energy consumption for computational tasks, suboptimal efficiency of consensus mechanisms, significant computational overhead in network systems, and low transaction throughput rates. The significant latency in transactions can lead to uncertainty among participants. In addition, blockchain is not suitable for current engineering and manufacturing applications due to its high energy requirements and the need for high computational power, large storage space, and high CPU power for the consensus algorithms.In reviewing the existing literature, it becomes evident that while a significant amount of research has been conducted on blockchain applications in various fields, the focus has been primarily on descriptive and theoretical proposals. Despite the increasing focus on research and the growing number of published papers on blockchain applications outside of cryptocurrencies, there is a distinct lack of empirical studies that provide an accurate analysis of the technology's effectiveness in practice.While new frameworks are being proposed that attempt to address these issues and limitations, their validation and testing in real-world operational environments is limited.The limited number of cases in the literature addressing the operational implementation of blockchain-based approaches indicates that significant practical challenges, such as the speed of communication between machines, must be resolved before the technology can gain widespread adoption beyond the cryptocurrency space.With this in mind, it is critical to test blockchain applications in some real industrial environments to determine their viability and address any practical shortcomings. Identifying and addressing these challenges will be necessary to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of Blockchain-based systems.In addition, it is imperative to investigate whether blockchain approaches are suitable for manufacturing and engineering applications. This can be achieved by exploring potential hybrid systems that incorporate proven data management approaches, especially for simple components (e.g., temperature sensors). The aim is to ensure optimal performance and minimize potential risks and unnecessary complexity without sacrificing the positive aspects such as anti-counterfeiting and barrier-free data availability.

Andreas Kneissler, Stefan Oelbracht

Conference Proceedings

Human-Technology Interaction and Future of Work: Science, Logic and Architecture Perspectives on Designing Service Platforms for Future Work

Motivation and PurposeThe research of this paper is about the phenomenon of “pull” or more concise about "how companies can design service platforms as opportune strategy to connect with other actors and to pull from that network the capabilities required to address unexpected needs" (Hagel, Brown et al. 2010, McGowan and Shipley 2020). To contribute to the knowledge creation in this context, the paper takes a service lens and draws on science, logic and architecture perspectives for studying and building models. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to derive implications for the design of service platforms as structural models of organizations to improve human-technology interaction, change and the future of work (Jaakkola 2020, Spohrer, Maglio et al. 2022).Methodology and ApproachReferring to the research a conceptual paper as methodology and within this methodology the research design “model” is selected (MacInnis 2011, Gilson and Goldberg 2015, Jaakkola 2020). A conceptual paper as methodology is picked to bridge existing theoretical perspectives and concepts in interesting ways, link work across disciplines, and broaden the scope of our thinking. The research design “model” facilitates to build a theoretical framework that explains and predicts relationships between the key elements and processes (Jaakkola 2020).To address the key elements of the phenomenon “human-technology interaction and the future of work” a service lens with Service Science and Service-Dominant Logic as domain theories is chosen. Service Dominant Architecture as method theory is used to explain the relationships between the elaborated key elements and to derive the relevant building blocks for the design (pattern) of service platforms for human-technology interaction and the future of work. Findings The paper demonstrates that a service lens, a service-dominant mindset and the perspectives of science, logic and architecture are appropriate to model and describe the phenomenon of “pull” and to derive implications for the design of service platforms. The key elements and building blocks of the “pull” process – understood as the ability to draw people and capabilities out of actor-to-actor networks – are elaborated and design (pattern) for service platforms are evolved. By describing the interplay of the key elements using the example of a service platform for future work based on the elaborated (design pattern) the paper demonstrates how “pull effects” are exploited and human-technology interaction can be improved via a service platform.

Markus Warg, Markus Frosch

Conference Proceedings

Agile Organization of Shift Work without Shift Models

Whereas agility of white-collar work is a common and successful concept, blue-collar work is in many cases still organized in shifts following long-term plans. Shift models are very uncomfortable to humans in two ways: first, working hours are spread over the whole day, in many cases over the whole week as “24/7 operations”, and second, the start and end times of the shifts are fixed. The concept of flextime is very uncommon on the shop floor, unimaginable to white collars. Therefore, blue collars ask more and more for flexible labour hours also to achieve a better work-life balance.An approach to a more agile organization of shift work is to substitute the shift model by self-assignment of shifts through the workers. Instead of working along fixed plans, employees may self-assign to different working hours and shifts from day to day, according to their individual preferences and availability. Smart devices seem to be an enabler for the agile organization of shift work. Several commercial apps with self-services for the planning of shifts and working hours are still offered, which may be appropriate for this reason.Agile shift work without predefined shift models may increase the flexibility of the company as well as the work-life balance of the workers. The concept promises to be useful. In practice, a lot of questions arise: What if different workers apply for the same shift? Who gets the shift, first come, first serve? Are there rules to calculate priorities? Is the team responsible to solve the situation or the supervisor? What if no one takes over a shift? Obviously, agile organization of shift work needs a thoroughly defined organization, and obviously too, the workers themselves must be involved in the process of defining this organization, to gain acceptance by them.Developing an organizational framework for agile shift work without shift models is one of the main topics of the German research project “agileASSEMBLY”, which comprises twelve industrial and scientific partners. The framework consists of a target image about the expected achievements, a process blueprint that guides the employees step by step in balancing and synchronizing their individual working applications, and a concise set of rules to solve conflicts in the self-assignment of working hours. The approach of the project is to involve employees in the development of the new framework for the agile organization of assembly processes by means of a role play. Within this paper, the framework for the self-assignment of working hours will be presented. It displays the first step and result of “agileASSEMBLY”. Subsequently, a pilot implementation, operation, and evaluation of the achievements and human factors in a team with round about 45 employees are planned to prove the success expectations of the concept.

Stefan Gerlach, Nika Perevalova

Conference Proceedings

Fashion Entrepreneurs’ Experiences of Hope in a Precarious Ghanaian Creative Industry

This paper explored creative entrepreneurs’ experiences of hope in navigating precarious working conditions in the Ghanaian fashion industry. The inquiry was motivated by a mistaken belief in the existing entrepreneurial literature that successful creative entrepreneurs enjoy a comfortable lifestyle. However, the reality in the creative arts sector is that individual entrepreneurs must deal with wave after wave of tumultuous work environments caused by precarity. Emerging research reveals that issues of precarity within the fashion industry have been intensified due to the influx of substitute goods and governmental structural adjustment programs. The fashion and entrepreneurship scholarship acknowledges that several fashion entrepreneurs are ‘hustling’ to build and sustain their labels and brands in the face of difficulties. However, we discovered that rather than giving up, entrepreneurs must persevere, resilient and bounce-back. Ghanaian fashion owners focus on and theorize the most prevalent practices of navigating, coping with, and managing compounded precarity: that of hope. In this paper, we examine the ‘practical dimensions of futurity’, how precarity is worked on, and how one may become more than one presently is or was fated to be. This notion is in contrast to the precarity-induced state of paralysis caused by waiting. This paper explores the strategies, practices, and spatial dynamics of hope in the Ghanaian fashion industry. Taking a comparative and intersectional approach, we explore the practices and narratives that fashion entrepreneurs construct in such dire work conditions. This fact has implications for how we think about hope and entrepreneurship in the fashion industry. By so doing, this study contributes to the ongoing conceptual debates regarding the nature of creative work in the fashion industry. Therefore, this paper, examined two (2) research questions: (i) what are creative entrepreneurs’ experiences of precarity in the Ghanaian fashion industry? (ii) How do creative entrepreneurs cope with precarity in the Ghanaian fashion industry?

Lilian Ama Afun, Mohammed-Aminu Sanda, Anna Alacovska, Obi Berko Damoah

Conference Proceedings

Evaluation of electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) employees under traditional and remote work environments

Following the success of remote work in the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry during the Covid-19 pandemic, several organizations have considered choosing a permanent remote work policy for their employees over the traditional face-to-face setup. The primary determinants that dictate adopting a permanent working environment are often centered on cost-related considerations with little regard for the slow onset of occupational health hazards. Studies have identified various health hazards experienced by BPO personnel, including headaches, back pain, neck and shoulder discomfort, wrist and hand pain, eye strain, overweight, hearing loss, and digestion issues. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a term used to describe such symptoms that manifest in response to exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF)-emitting devices. In the context of the Philippines, most are unaware of the potential implications of EMF exposure, hence it is worthwhile to closely investigate the EHS of BPO employees. This study aims to investigate the health-effects of EMF-emitting devices on BPO personnel in both traditional and remote work setups. The study used a web-based questionnaire to collect and assess data from two discrete populations. A self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to pre-assess the respondents’ general wellness and health status. Statistical significance was established using the independent t-test. Principal component analysis was used to identify the major symptoms associated with EHS, whereas the EMF sources were analyzed using an independent sample t-test with bootstrapping. Based on the SRQ-20, traditional BPO personnel encounter health risks with statistically higher severity (p < 0.05) than their remote counterparts which may infer that the two different working settings possibly have distinct effects on the health of the workers. However, upon further evaluation, the two distinct populations both exhibited negligible to moderate indications of EHS symptoms in separate environments. A significant difference in the perception of BPO workers is observed regarding the intensity of the effects of EMF across all possible sources except three specific devices: a computer, a television, and a television or radio transmitter. However, the source analysis indicates that the influence of EMF-emitting devices on the EHS of employees is low to negligible in both occupational settings. The study concluded that there is an absence of potential health risks stemming from exposure to EMF in both occupational settings for BPO employees. Considering the negligible impact of EMF exposure on EHS symptoms, BPO industries possess the flexibility to choose between the two work setups, as both environments do not pose significant EMF-related occupational health and safety threats.

Ezri Jiana Santos, Diana Marie De Silva, Haerold Dean Layaoen, John Kenneth Punongbayan, Josefa Angelie Revilla

Conference Proceedings

'A review of user guidance techniques to enable "inclusive" systems engineering for domain experts

With the ever-increasing assistance of technology in most, if not all, industries the concept of modeling systems and systems engineering becomes ever more important. However, meeting the needs of domain experts in different fields is challenging. Enabling domain experts to model and build systems themselves would reduce the possibility of miscommunication and number of needs not met by a system.Systems Engineering is defined by INCOSE as: “Systems Engineering is a transdisciplinary and integrative approach to enable the successful realization, use, and retirement of engineered systems, using systems principles and concepts, and scientific, technological and management methods.” However, the transdisciplinary aspect clashes with domain experts who are inapt in regards of systems engineering, as it needs special training and requires the understanding of complex core concepts. This results in domain experts needing to communicate their needs to systems engineers, who are supposed to build systems satisfying these needs. However, such needs can easily be miscommunicated, leading to systems not meeting the requirements and time, money and effort being wasted. This would be reduced if the domain experts themselves were able to build or model these systems themselves. Aim and Novelty: Therefore, we suggest to move towards a more inclusive systems engineering process which focuses on specifically guiding users through the systems engineering process, reducing the need of special training.Guiding users has been researched in many different fields, not only in regards of psychology and social sciences, but also in computer science in particular. Digital nudging, persuasive systems, user-centric UI design, recommender systems and gamification all aim to guide a user towards certain decisions or making tools easier to use. These fields have been researched mostly as independent fields with similar goals but in different context. In order to create inclusive systems engineering tools it is important to incorporate and understand these fields to guide the user through the systems engineering process. Methodology: In order to examine similarities and identify areas where one guidance technique might be lacking and thus profiting from the use of another technique the state-of-the-art literature is reviewed. In order to identify applicable literature a search for the keywords “Gamification; Nudging; recommender system; persuasive system; user guidance; user experience and user motivation” has been done.These where screened on their relevancy to user guidance and motivation, as well as their use of techniques applicable in a software engineering process. Conclusion: This paper introduces the concept of inclusive systems engineering. Focusing on user guidance this paper gives an overview on state-of-the-art techniques, examined similarities as well as areas where different techniques can complement each other. This paper aims to provide an overview of current user guidance techniques in order to provide a starting point to move systems engineering into a more inclusive direction that can be done not only by experts in systems engineering but also domain experts in order to reduce the potential of misunderstanding when domain experts need to specify their needs to systems engineering experts in order to realize and use new systems.

Sandor Dalecke

Conference Proceedings

Understanding Challenges and Facilitating Knowledge Transfer for Service Innovation: Insights from a Survey of German Service Companies and a Use Case

Innovation is one of the key elements for entrepreneurial success. Small and medium-sized service companies in particular continually innovate their offerings to remain competitive. To do this, they must constantly keep abreast of trends, the latest technological developments, and scientific methodologies. Due to a shortage of resources, they are often dependent on external support from information service providers. However, this knowledge transfer is subject to hurdles that are specific to small and medium-sized enterprises. This paper examines the knowledge transfer challenges faced by such service organizations. To this end, it first presents the results of a company survey and derives recommendations for information provision. The paper concludes with a practical example of a company using the latest technologies to innovate its service offering and how such information is made available to other companies.

Alexander Gorovoj, Juergen Mueller

Conference Proceedings

E-banking usage by Gen X, Y, and Z generations

In a time of digital disruption, users are deciding how they want banks to respond and even exceed their expectations. Banks rushed to face-lift their front-end look and enable non-essential digital services without acknowledging users’ needs. This recent attitude has harmed a good digital banking experience, and consequently the adoption of e-banking. To have a clear vision of how banks can stand out in a digital transformation 634 e-banking users were interviewed from the generations’ X, Y, and Z. A qualitative analysis was conducted using Leximancer software, to determine similarities and differences in three generations’ attitudes toward digital banking. The findings highlighted nineteen concepts grouped into eight key themes, namely: transfers, availability, use, speed, information, price, complex(ity), and market. Digital bank users are concerned about price, speed of transfers, and product information, valuing the easy availability of services and operations in the financial market, with some constraints about the complexity of options used to manage their accounts and savings. While Gen X (older age) looks at digital banking mainly for the availability of services, Gen Y (middle age) takes more advantage of digital banking to explore the bank/financial market and perform operations anywhere, and Gen Z (younger age) simply for transfers. This study contributes to understanding the adoption of digital banking, allowing to propose a new conceptual map to explain e-banking usage and identifying what is more important for each Gen X, Y, and Z generation may adopt digital banking.

Luis Filipe Rodrigues, Abilio Oliveira, Helena Rodrigues

Conference Proceedings

Leveraging Computer Vision for Sustainable Manufacturing: Potentials, Challenges and Future Perspectives

Sustainable and circular manufacturing practices have become imperative for modern industries due to the escalating environmental challenges, stricter regulatory policies, and shifting consumer preferences towards more sustainable products. Among the multitude of technological advancements that enable this transition, Computer Vision (CV) is rapidly emerging as a game-changer. However, a comprehensive investigation is required to understand the role and impact of CV in the context of data-driven and servitized manufacturing. This review paper provides a thorough analysis of the relationship between CV and sustainable manufacturing. It highlights the various ways that CV improves sustainability by leveraging a rich corpus of academic studies as well as industry case studies. This covers the function of CV in enhancing resource efficiency, decreasing waste, enabling predictive maintenance, and assuring product quality. Nevertheless, there are several challenges in integrating CV technologies into manufacturing. Therefore, this paper offers a detailed analysis of these issues, ranging from technical complexities to data privacy and skills gap. Consequently, this study proposes potential solutions and strategies, turning these challenges into avenues for future research and innovation. Through this paper, our endeavor is not only to enrich the academic discourse around this topic but also to catalyze future research and provide actionable insights for practitioners at the intersection of technology and sustainability in manufacturing.

Safa Omri, Dharmil Mehta, Jens Neuhüttler

Conference Proceedings

Applicability of the Thank You Exchange System to Employee Evaluation and How to Apply it to External Organizations

As a corporate CEO for many years, one of the authors has tried a variety of personnel management measures. Among them, our research group has particularly focused on bonus evaluation. Bonus assessment is based on “performance evaluation” and “emotional evaluation.” However, while the former enables objective judgment based on sales and working hours, the latter is based on interviews with supervisors, making it difficult to eliminate subjectivity. Therefore, we proposed a method that provides objectivity by swapping acknowledgments/gratitude among employees using a messages exchange system for employees. From November 2019 to November 2021, the system was operated in-house over four periods of six months each, and the applicability to bonus assessment was confirmed. In the next step, we are planning to expand this system not only to other companies but also to more broad external organizations. This paper describes the overview of this system, the evaluation results, and the future plans.

Kiyoshi Kurakawa, Megumi Aibara, Kazumi Sekiguchi, Takako Sinzi, Aiko Takazawa, Masakazu Furuichi

Conference Proceedings

Towards a Vision and Essential Steps in the Digital Transformation of Product Service Systems: A Scenario based Approach

For traditional product manufacturers, digital transformation of products and services means dealing with challenges with which they have not dealt before. Especially the different measures to be taken on a business, organizational, technical and IT level and the competencies needed when advancing from traditional to smart products and services are often unclear for strategists in those companies. In our work, focusing on the early phase of smartification, we propose a support method for small and medium sized enterprises to formulate an ambitious product vision and derive a path of useful steps to go ahead from a traditional product without smart elements to the developed product vision using a scenario based approach. Our scenario framework was developed by analyzing and clustering characteristics of appropriate approaches resulting from a literature review, using two fundamentally different approaches which either develop products with a business model or a technical/functional perspective. In order to apply and support the product development with a maturity model of smartifying product service systems, the two different approaches were merged for elaborating a common product vision and three essential steps leading the path towards the vision. Starting with a product having no smart components, in the first step the product and services are digitalized and connectivity is added. The second step covers, next to further smart components, the enhancement of using AI technology in data processing. The third step brings innovative business models into play.

Sandra Frings, Holger Kett

Conference Proceedings

Relationship of internal communication with the organizational development of a non-profit company. Peru Case.

The research was carried out using the Internal Communication (IC) and Organizational Development (OD) variables due to their relevance for any company and especially for this organization, which works in highly competitive sectors and requires stabilization at the forefront. The study is carried out to evaluate the degree of association between IC and OD of a non-profit company. For the OD variable, the Weisbord (1976) model was used, and for the IC variable, the Dennis (1974) model was used. The research was quantitative in nature, with a descriptive-correlational level, non-experimental-transversal design. The findings indicate that the link between internal communication and organizational development is positive and of medium intensity, validating the coherence of the theory. It is highlighted that communication has essential elements with the dimensions of organizational growth, making it a critical factor in the performance of collaborators. Conclusion: It is emphasized that there is still a need to investigate the theory in more depth and promote the practical application of the constructs, both in non-profit companies and in other private sector companies that may need this type of study.

Madeleine Espino Carrasco, Luis Jhonny Dávila Valdera, Danicsa Espino, Edson David Valdera Benavides, Rafael Martel Acosta, Claudia Arbañil Chicoma, Mayury Espino Carrasco, Royer Vasquez Cachay, Senaida Milagros Guevara Cruzado, Anny Katherine Dávila Valdera, Lady Violeta Dávila Valdera

Conference Proceedings

Analysis of Agglomeration Characteristics of Public Service Facilities in Mountainous Villages and Towns Based on POI Data

This paper obtains the population data and GDP data of 13 counties in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, China based on the government statistical data set, obtains the POI data based on the Gaode map, and uses Average Nearest Neigh Index, Kernel Density Analysis, Standard Deviation Ellipse, Pearson Correlation Analysis method to analyze the agglomeration characteristics of public service facilities in each county and its correlation with the level of economic development. The results show that: the public service facilities in the study area as a whole show a spatial pattern of "more in the southeast and less in the northwest"; the spatial agglomeration of various public service facilities is significant, and the degree of agglomeration of tourism-related public service facilities such as catering and shopping is the highest , financial insurance, science, education and other life-related public service facilities have the lowest degree of agglomeration; all kinds of public service facilities are in the direction of "southwest-northeast" as a whole, and public service facilities related to outdoor activities such as sports, leisure and accommodation have the strongest directionality; the research area The spatial agglomeration of public service facilities is affected by factors such as nature and economic development.keywords：POI, mountain villages and towns, public service facilities, agglomeration characteristics

Peng Liu, Yi Wang

Conference Proceedings

Low-code development platform for modeling and implementation of business processes to support outbreak investigations

This article describes the functional scope of a low-code development platform for modeling and implementation of business processes to support outbreak investigations.LCDP (Low-Code Development Platforms) are development tools that allow you to create applications using a minimum amount of traditional programming code. They help speed up the software development process by reducing the need to write manual code and enabling the development of applications using visual interfaces, ready-made components, and configuration rules. They can also support business process management through various mechanisms. LCDP platforms can help build applications that support Business Process Management through visual modeling of processes, the use of ready-made components, automation mechanisms that enable the performance of specific activities or decisions as part of a business process, easy integration of various external systems, which may be necessary for business processes that require cooperation with multiple tools and applications, providing mechanisms for monitoring the course of business processes and generating reports on performance, duration and other parameters, and enabling business analysts to participate in the application development process, because they do not require deep programming knowledge.The article presents the basic functionality of the platform and refers to such architectural assumptions as integrated process management, remote access, security, reliability, flexibility, openness to integration, reporting, registers, and monitoring.Particular attention was paid to the issues of modeling business processes and building applications to support activities related to epidemic investigation during an epidemic of poisonings and foodborne diseases.Epidemiological investigation to cut the paths of epidemics of poisoning and foodborne diseases is an important process to identify, control, and prevent the further spread of the disease. This process aims to understand where the infection came from, what factors led to the outbreak, and how it can be stopped. The first step is to recognize and report an outbreak or increase in foodborne illness. This can be done by analyzing epidemiological data, e.g. reports on illnesses and hospitalizations. Detailed information is then collected from patients about their symptoms, food history, places visited, food eaten, contacts with others, etc. It is important to identify common factors and sources that may be related to the disease. The next phase is analyzing the collected data to identify trends, patterns, and potential sources of the outbreak. This may include the analysis of time-disease curves, the identification of geographic disease clusters, or the analysis of consumption clusters of specific products. Based on the analysis of data, epidemiologists create hypotheses about the possible sources of infection or ways of transmitting the disease. This may include identifying specific foods, restaurants, suppliers, or water sources. To verify the hypotheses and identify the source of the epidemic, field studies are carried out, including microbiological tests of food samples, the environment, and samples from patients and people suspected of being infected. Once the source of the outbreak has been identified, action is taken to control and disrupt transmission routes. These actions consist of withdrawing contaminated products from the market, closing the source of contamination (e.g. a restaurant), and implementing hygiene and safety measures. After an epidemic intervention, monitoring of the situation continues to confirm the effectiveness of the actions and to ensure that the epidemic has been stopped. Investigation, intervention, and outcome information is also reported to relevant public health agencies.The developed platform was used as a programming base to develop a support system for the above-mentioned activities of the State Sanitary Inspection, allowing for the detection of threats and cutting the paths of spreading the epidemic.

Robert Waszkowski, Tadeusz Nowicki, Agata Chodowska Wasilewska

Conference Proceedings

Improving sustainable production in the context of Industry 4.0 technologies adoption - Evidence from metalworking Industry

Nowadays the industry places a greater focus on the integration of production and sustainable development and on improving the sustainability efficiency. It is still the research niche to understand the specific factors regarding the progress of activities towards sustainable production. This study has used literature analysis to describe sustainable production (SP), in terms of implication of the Industry 4.0 technologies and a questionnaire survey, which was conducted within 84 small and medium sized enterprises metalworking Industry in Europe, Poland. The questionnaire in this article considers the factors describing the level of SP in the enterprises of metalworking industry and also the level of the implementation of selected Industry 4.0 technologies, namely: cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and robots. Next, a statistical analysis was conducted using correlation coefficients. The highest correlation was observed in the case of applying CPS systems into SMEs company metalworking industry and improving the level of SP, respectively in the area: (1) environmental: considering implementation of climate governance/action strategies, (2) economic: in the aspect of increasing after-sales service, (3) social: in view of improving the customer satisfaction and implementation the continuous improvement process within a company. Also, a relatively good correlation was observed in the case of the analysis of the relationship between usage of robots in the company and factors describing SP level in the same areas as was discovered for the correlation between applying CPSs. The results indicated also that implementation of robots has a strong relationship with the SP factor in the social area, namely: accidents at work recorded. So, the research results show that for the SMEs metalworking Industry surveyed, the implementation of Industry 4.0 technology, namely robots and CPSs, increases the level of SP.

Justyna Patalas - Maliszewska, Marcin Mrugalski

Conference Proceedings

Simulation studies in a low-code development platform for improving the flow of internal electronic documents

The article shows a certain methodology for investigating the properties of real processes described by business processes. Studying the properties of a business process allows you to evaluate various properties of a real process. The study of the business process takes place in a Low-code platform. This gives the opportunity to study the properties of processes even for people who do not know the methods and technologies of programming, in particular the design and implementation of computer simulators.In this case, the process that is related to the flow of internal electronic documents in the organization is considered. The process begins when there is a need to prepare an internal electronic document in an organization. The flow of electronic internal documents can be initiated by various persons. The new document can be information for staff, decisions, or announcements. Electronic internal documents during the flow can be modified, submitted for approval, completed, saved in the knowledge base, canceled, etc. The process ends by saving the document to the knowledge base.The number of internal electronic documents sent during the day is usually very large. Therefore, it is worth considering improving the flow of internal documents in the organization. Supporting the process of electronic internal documents flow will make it easier for employees to prepare, distribute, modify, accept and, as a result, save such documents in the knowledge base. A process of internal electronic document flow is constructed. Its equivalent in the Low-code platform is also presented. This platform has a built-in simulator. Simulation experiments allow us to analyze various dynamic properties of real processes described by business processes. Business processes and their elements can be described by many various characteristics such as random streams of internal document generation, execution times of detailed tasks, probabilities of certain events controlling the flow of documents, costs of tasks, work schedules of individual employees, parameters of shared resources, organizational structure, etc.Simulation of internal electronic documents flow in a Low-code platform allows to obtain results for various values of characteristics defined in the model. This gives the opportunity to examine the characteristics of the internal electronic document flow process itself, find bottlenecks, lack of appropriate resources, etc. Such an analysis is very important from the point of view of the human factor in relation to the employees of the organization.As a result of a series of simulation experiments, several interesting characteristics related to the internal electronic document flow can be obtained. Interesting statistics are shown related to the execution times of various types of actions, their execution costs, and waiting times for various steps of the document flow. For employees participating in the electronic internal documents flow, their time load on individual tasks in this area can be determined. It is possible to show (indicate) those actions that are activated most often or those that are activated rarely. The degree of the use of resources in the process of electronic internal document flow may also be interesting. A few characteristics can be displayed in tabular or graph form easy to analyze and evaluate. It is important that the real process is described in the form of a business process, and it is easy to construct by a person from outside the IT sector. This is important from the point of view of considering the human factor in this activity.Finally, the article shows the methodology of proceeding in the case of construction, simulation and efficiency, time, and cost analysis of detailed processes of the organization's functioning. Such a methodology allows for the improvement of processes in the organization, including the consideration of the human factor in such processes.

Tadeusz Nowicki, Agata Chodowska Wasilewska, Robert Waszkowski

Conference Proceedings

Clustering to Determine Interconnected Activities in Supervisory Control Tasks of Pilots

We propose a method that allows pilot activity determination. Such systems are of great interest for assistance systems that adapt to pilot performance. However, the determination of supervisory control tasks is non-trivial since they can only be observed indirectly through pilot actions. Our previous work to determine activities based on evidential reasoning resulted in a highly fragmented pattern of recognized tasks over time. To address this, we suggest clustering these scattered patterns into partitions which better reflect the activities of the pilot. To evaluate the proposed approach, we conducted an experiment in a fast-jet simulator with 11 participants. Using our former approach, we attempted to determine the activities and then applied k-Means clustering to find partitions of interconnected activities. Lastly, we evaluated whether the results could be compared to the activities as reported by the participants. Our results indicate that clustering may not be an effective activity determination method for adaptive assistance systems in Manned-Unmanned Teaming applications.

Karl Tschurtschenthaler, Axel Schulte

Conference Proceedings

Addressing of human factors in the digital transformation of the automotive industry

In many regions in Germany, including the so-called "Bergisches Land", the automotive industry has a far above-average significance in terms of employment and value added - this means that the region and the industry are also affected in a special way by the changes that are currently occurring in large numbers and at high speed. These changes have a major impact on the people in Germany, many of whom are directly or indirectly dependent on the automotive industry. Tightening environmental requirements, the increasing digitalization of products and processes, and the growing (de)globalization trends outline the spectrum of challenges facing companies. The different ways in which the subregions are affected by the changes in the automotive (supplier) industry and in the context of the mobility revolution are leading to heterogeneous transformation patterns. The central challenges are a shortage of skilled workers and the supply of companies with skilled workers as well as a lack of (digital) skills. The key to a successful transformation is an action-oriented knowledge intensification.The paper represents the TRAIBER (in engl. DRIVER) project, which has been running for a year at Bochum University of Applied Sciences together with many industry and university partners. The goal of the project is to establish a network under the umbrella of a "living" regional transformation strategy in which all relevant actors learn with and from each other in a participation-oriented process. The transformation strategy to be developed brings together the results of extensive analyses of developments in the region and in its environment (market, competition) with the results of intensive stocktaking of transformation in companies in the region. It forms the "parenthesis" of the project and guides the activities and measures for initiating and implementing the transformation process in the companies and organizations.Tailored to the specific needs of the regional actors, offers for competence development are (further) developed and tested - from the industrial level (adaptation of apprenticeships) to mixed forms ("dual studies") and higher education. In addition, a variety of formats are to be used to enable the players to successfully manage the changes to their business models associated with the transformation, the necessary organizational development measures and the transition to new value networks (higher-level knowledge process). Action-oriented knowledge transfer at the company level is central to a successful transformation process; the transformation competencies of company stakeholders are built up and (further) developed through in-depth application and testing of transformation tools.The result is a modular transformation kit that provides suitable solutions for the various patterns of involvement in the form of courses, methods, guidelines, etc. and is anchored in the region through intensive networking.The project thus represents an important factor in supporting human in the digital transformation of development, products and production processes in the automotive industry.

Clemens Faller, Britta Weissert

Conference Proceedings

Factors Research of Visual Comfort on Driving Interfaces: A Review

This paper analyses and summarizes the factors affecting visual comfort in the driving interface. Relevant factors affecting drivers' visual comfort are summarized, including three types of factors: user, interface and environment; useful indicators are proposed according to different influencing factors, such as gaze duration, pupil dilation and ICA increase when interface information increases. Finally, the proposed influencing factors are summarized and the problems and deficiencies in the assessment methods are analysed, pointing out the development direction of the visual comfort assessment of the interface in driving, and in view of the human-computer relationship included in the driving task, it is suggested to adopt a combination of subjective and objective assessment methods to improve the validity and robustness of the assessment of visual comfort of the driving interface. This paper can provide some references for the research on visual comfort of interfaces.

Qianhui Shen, Jinyi Zhi, Zerui XIANG, Chunhui Jing, Ruizhen Li, Shu Feng, Xing Yao

Conference Proceedings

The role of Human-Centered Design in Advanced Air Mobility implementation process

AAM (Advanced Air Mobility) is an emerging field in aviation that focuses on developing AAM / electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for urban air mobility. Human-centered design can be used in AAM to provide an advanced emerging environment of the eVTOL aircraft and its operating environment, allowing for a more efficient and cost-effective development process – focusing on the human factors/ergonomics, training, certification, and qualification. Purdue School of Aviation and Transportation Technology proposed a research case study for digital twins in AAM that aims at designing and remote testing prototypes - eVTOL aircraft simulator devices. By creating a digital twin of the AAM flying/simulator device, designers (Purdue Human Factors team – CAE network) and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) aim to test different configurations and scenarios, allowing the research team to identify human factor – certification – training issues and optimize performance (Training – Certification requirements) before the physical prototype is built. Results were analyzed and evaluated the Artificial Intelligence (AI) certification and learning assurance challenges.

Abner Flores, Dimitrios Ziakkas, Jean - Francois Delisle

Conference Proceedings

Usability of pre-flight planning interfaces for Supplemental Data Service Provider tools to support Uncrewed Aircraft System Traffic Management

Small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs) operate in low-altitude, uncontrolled airspace – where support services for their operators (UASOs) are not currently provided. NASA’s System-Wide Safety (SWS) project is identifying the potential risks and hazards to sUAS operations to provide, inform, and improve the designs of In-time Aviation Safety Management Systems (IASMS). The IASMS will include a suite of data-driven tools that compile and analyze data collected from aviation systems and environmental sources to predict hazards, and provide information to allow operators to mitigate these risks (Young et al., 2020). These risk and hazard services can be run and displayed to operators on graphical user interfaces (GUIs), as they relate to a vehicle(s)’ route of flight. These interfaces offer both a means to present hazard service output and offer an opportunity to test user understanding of the information, user decision making, and the best ways to present such data to an operator. Based on these future technologies and intended missions, it is important to investigate interface requirements and evaluate how operators might use these tools. Presenting salient and meaningful risk assessment information to operators is necessary to increase situation awareness and ultimately safety. Building on previous research (Feldman et al., 2022), a usability study comparing two GUIs was conducted to explore how individuals interacted with different styles of information displays. A series of pre-flight hazard and risk-assessment tasks were developed to evaluate participant performance using the Supplemental Data Service Provider Consolidated Dashboard and the Human Automation Team Interface System interfaces. Participants were trained to use both GUIs and their performance was analysed across different scenarios involving multiple sUASs. Performance on simple tasks and the System Usability Scale scores were reported by Feldman et al., 2023. Additional analyses and evaluations on more complex tasks (e.g., risk assessment, prioritization), workload and response times are examined in this paper.

Jolene Feldman, Gregory Costedoat, Lynne Martin, Vimmy Gujral

Conference Proceedings

The use of cardiac-based metrics to assess secondary task engagement during automated and manual driving: An experimental simulation study

Most driver monitoring systems (DMS) rely on cameras facing the driver while detecting their gaze or head position. Both future automated driving (AD) in-vehicle interactions and AD vehicle interior designs (e.g., seating arrangement) might drastically reduce the effectiveness of such camera-based DMS solutions, however. Thus, alternative solutions that do not rely on cameras, and therefore compatible with upcoming AD journey experiences, are worth being investigated. Here, we studied the behavior of several cardiac-based indices. We aimed to determine the effects of engaging in non-driving-related tasks (NDRT) in a semi-dynamic driving simulator on heart rate and heart rate variability parameters (here, we report the standard deviation of R-R intervals [SDRR]). We developed a 2 (AD vs. manual driving [MD] modalities) by 2 (one-hand vs. two-hand concurrent Task modality) within-participants experimental design. Thirty-two expert drivers drove along two highway scenarios (∼ 22 minutes each) in daylight conditions. Each scenario included four distraction periods. In each distraction period, participants performed a concurrent task in addition to their main task (i.e., driving the simulator during MD, supervising the system during AD). We monitored participants’ cardiac activity and collected performance levels on the NDRT, driving performance, as well as subjective ratings of task load. Cardiac-based indices clearly differentiated Task modality, with the two-hand task inducing higher heart rate and SDRR. Driving modality (MD vs. AD) only influenced heart rate, which increased during MD. Driving performance and subjective ratings, as well as performance on the NDRT, were able to reflect the experimental manipulation, with the two-hand concurrent task (in MD) being the most disruptive and demanding condition. Overall, these findings have the potential to improve future DMS design and road safety by providing accurate measurements of driver engagement. They can be key to assess future driver-vehicle interactions using for example, non-contact, more realistic, heart-rate radar-based sensor solutions.

Leandro Luigi Di Stasi, Francesco Angioi, Marcelo Fernandes, Giulia De Cet, M Jesus Caurcel, Kristina Stojmenova, Jaka Sodnik, Christophe Prat, Carolina Díaz Piedra

Conference Proceedings

UX research for autonomous vehicles: Focusing on interaction with mobile device

Since starting to launch the autonomous driving vehicle service to the public, customer experience has also emerged as an important factor for the services. Beyond simply considering the interaction between users and machines, this study seeks to simultaneously study another element that cannot be ruled out., with the aim of providing a satisfactory experience for the customer in terms of service. Self-driving taxis are a new service, but users will expect a continuous experience based on the experience they have learned from similar services. The existing similar experience is based on three services or technologies: shared vehicle service, on-call taxi service, and semi-autonomous driving experience. One touchpoint that cannot be ruled out from these three previous experiences is the link to the mobile phone. Customers who experience cutting-edge technology are all power users of mobile phones and shared vehicle services and on-call taxi services are based on mobile phone applications and location information. Most drivers carry mobile phones while driving, connect mobile phones with vehicles, and obtain information and content from them. This study aims at natural UI linkage between mobile phones and self-driving cars for superior customer experience.2. Research Methods The study includes three main steps; first, interview and observe iOS and Android users. Each user's observations detail the user's journey from vehicle entry to departure and organize the features. At this time, the main goal of the analysis is to separate only the user's journey, which is equivalent to an autonomous driving scenario, and to check which content subjects are mainly used by iOS' CarPlay services and Android Auto. Experiment with two major mobile phone platform users to avoid being biased toward a specific mobile phone platform.The second step is to experiment with fast and dirty prototyping techniques. The previous analysis defines and embodies the user's journey to the future automotive experience. The subjects experience this prototyping as it is and analyze the process. Intensive research has been conducted into the subject's mobile phone interworking process, but this part is not specified directly to the subject. This is to make sure that users naturally expect to connect to their mobile phones. It is analyzed what subjects who are familiar with the existing user experience of cars and mobile phones expect and expect from self-driving vehicles.The final stage is co-creation. Its goal is to create an interface that will satisfy customers regarding situations in which mobile phones and vehicle systems are linked by predicting their experiences. Assuming that the subject is connected to a terminal and a self-driving car, it writes the contents of the vehicle system directly. Based on the results of this process, we will derive a UI that will satisfy the users.3. Results The experiment was conducted on users who were familiar with driving cars and using mobile phones. To increase the likelihood of accepting future technologies, limit subjects to those familiar with existing experiences.The first test was able to analyze the experience of cars linked to mobile phones. Subjects naturally accept and use mobile phones as an integral part of their car-related experiences.In the second experiment, we were able to analyze the initial feelings of users related to autonomous vehicles. The subjects had a vague sense of uneasiness about cutting-edge technology that they had yet to experience in real life. Under these circumstances, they wanted to get additional information from their mobile phones and offset their anxiety.The third experiment resulted in the user experience that current drivers hoped for in future cars. In the context of the vehicle's software system interworking with the mobile phone, what factors users value was identified and the rules of customer experience focused on these factors were derived.4. Conclusions This paper aimed to make sure that users naturally expect mobile phone links in future car situations and to suggest optimized interfaces when linking mobile phones. This is not just a definition of a machine-to-person interface, but a basic study to design the customer experience in terms of the future automotive service industry.Subjects were found to expect future services based on similar existing experiences, and anxiety about the technology of autonomous driving was also found in common. On the service side, subjects reacted sensitively to the processing of personal information in shared vehicle situations. The study has an academic implication that it has drawn a major direction in how mobile communication devices, the most cutting-edge technology for current users, should be linked to self-driving vehicles, the most advanced technology in the future.

Minhee lee, Younjoon Lee

Conference Proceedings

The role of Digital Twins in future transportation challenges

Students enrolled in technical education programs, such as Aeronautical Engineering Technology, pursue careers in aviation, aerospace, and commercial space industries, encompassing physical and digital work environments. Gaining knowledge in a broader range of subjects, including digital twin settings, is crucial for contextual learning and generating graduates with the level of proficiency the industry demands. Crow and Dabars (2020) highlight the significance of instructional innovation in their analysis of the fifth-wave history of American colleges. There is a demand for the modification of conventional academic processes in order to better cater to the external needs of retraining and upskilling both current workers and recent graduates. The aviation and aerospace sectors have consistently incorporated the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Digital Twins, Big Data frameworks, automation, and robotics in diverse capacities into their routine operations over an extended period. The rapid progress in computer and sensor capabilities has facilitated the widespread adoption of many data science methods, such as the digital thread, digital twin, edge computing, machine-to-machine learning (M2M), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Educational institutions, including prominent colleges like Purdue, must integrate digital thread and digital twin technologies into the learning framework beyond the introductory levels. For graduates to possess the necessary skills to join the workforce with a high level of preparedness, it is imperative to integrate Digital Twins into the learning cycle. The Purdue University CREATE approach for Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality Simulation and Digital Twins is centered around enhancing the efficacy and efficiency of aviation training programs on a global scale, specifically the Competency-Based Training and Assessment (CBTA) framework. This approach aims to achieve this by offering a more authentic and immersive learning experience proposal, streamlining the training and certification processes, and facilitating the transition to an Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Digital Twins environment. The present study also focuses on reducing residual risk within the 'AI black box.' The analysis and evaluation of the difficulties of implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) were conducted within the framework of Digital Twins.

Dimitrios Ziakkas, Konstantinos Pechlivanis, Brian Dillman

Conference Proceedings

Availability of Wave Transducer in Car Onboard System Interface

The accident caused by the wrong treading of the pedal of the car becomes the social problem. The spread of advanced safety vehicles (ASV) is hurried as a passive safety in late years to reduce and prevent the damage of the accident. However, requiring a certain period of time for the spread of ASV and the valid situations are limited, and the problem such as not necessarily working appropriately is pointed out. On the other hand, it is thought that the information presentation system to let a driver recognize danger as the active safety is effective. In addition, the automatic operation system is in use to level 4 in Japan. A purpose of this study is to investigate the influence that shown information gives the cognitive function of the driver in the information presentation system of the onboard system. Therefore, the cognitive of the wave transducer interface implemented on the seat is confirmed by an experiment. For the experiment, we investigated the difference of the performance between the visual and the vibration interface using the simple driving simulator which embedded in both sides of the seat back. As a result, the difference was not seen between the visual and the vibration. In addition, by the subjective evaluation, the experiment participant felt that both stimulations were recognizable, and the difference was not seen. The experiment was suggested by a laboratory test as one of multi-modal interface by the transducer stimulation to be possible.

Toshio Tsuchiya, Kentarou Nakamoto

Conference Proceedings

Charting the Course: Human Factors Research for Shipping Energy-Efficient Operations

To achieve climate objectives, it is essential to close "energy efficiency gaps"—the discrepancies between potential and actual energy savings. While much research in the maritime sector has focused on policy and onshore influences, it is unclear to what extent research is overlooking the potential of onboard human factors to mitigate climate impact. This study addresses this gap through a systematic literature review of the results sections of 17 journal articles on maritime human factors. Using Thematic Analysis, we generate 12 themes, with the most prominent being stakeholders, knowledge, and technical implementation. These themes provide insights into onshore influences, seafarers' expertise, as well as examples of the usage and limitations of implemented systems. Conversely, underrepresented themes such as learning, system properties, and safety referring to how seafarers acquire knowledge, specific design guidelines for onboard technology, or how to overcome the goal conflict of energy efficiency and safety. Our findings underline that key areas in this field have been studied disparately, and that a complete picture is necessary to close the energy efficiency gap here and in other sectors.

Mourad Zoubir, Marthe Gruner, Benjamin Schwarz, Jan Heidinger, Hans-christian Jetter, Thomas Franke

Conference Proceedings

The role of VTS operators in new maritime safety situations: when conventional and autonomous ships meet

Ensuring safe maritime traffic in coastal areas is important work. For this purpose, Coastal States establish Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) along coasts worldwide. Their primary role is to monitor and to organize safe and efficient vessel traffic flow and protect the marine environment. For example, VTS monitors ship-to-ship communication while providing useful information and instructions to ships. In recent years, the introduction of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) has been discussed in the maritime industry and several trials were made as part of research and development (R&D). Although potential benefits of MASS are acknowledged, there are a number of challenges anticipated, including the role of VTSs. The composition of maritime traffic was always a mixture of ships equipped according to the requirements with either conventional, modern or high sophisticated, partly- or fully automated systems. The future of maritime traffic will continue monitoring and managing mixed traffic scenarios at least for a longer period, if not forever. VTS must integrate and absorb the handling of new and complex traffic situations. There will be unstaffed fully autonomously ships or remote controlled by a shore control centre (SCC). This requires the development of appropriate operational procedures to ensure the safe and efficient traffic flow.This paper will present results from experimental trials using full-mission VTS simulation of future scenarios with mixed maritime traffic from the perspective of experienced VTS operators. While current research very much focusses on technical aspects of automation and digitalization and the feasibility and reliability of MASS, the focus of this research is based on aspects of operational integration and the handling of mixed traffic situations in the coastal areas. The systematic development and implementation of mixed traffic scenarios in simulated real world environment will be presented. Ongoing pilot studies using series of experimental simulation trials, entry questionnaires and follow-up focus group discussions after simulation runs will be introduced. Outcomes and first results in terms of the identification of administrative and organizational needs as well as related future requirements for training and for technical support systems will be presented and discussed. An outlook will provide a strategy for the further research work to be done.

Michael Baldauf, Momoko Kitada, Lisa Loloma Froholdt

Conference Proceedings

Flight Training Research Paving the Path for Future eVTOL Pilots

At the dawn of Urban Air Mobility (UAM), namely the introduction of eVTOL (electric Vertical Take-off & Landing) vehicles, we have been pioneering in designing a certifiable flight training programme for those pilots who will be the first in the world to operate such vehicles.This paper will discuss our training design path we pursued, the research and development work behind it and finally the resulting training design. Emphasis is laid on the analysis of the training needs, our design approach based on human-factors research and development, the requirements for the design of new flight simulators, and how a close cooperation with OEMs and aviation authorities made us validate this flight training programme course, which will prepare future eVTOL pilots for a safe and sustainable operation in Urban Air Mobility in just one year from now.

Frank Rister, Nils Bartling

Conference Proceedings

A full-factorial analysis of combined vehicle motion profiles on cross-coupled coriolis effect, subjective vertical and motion sickness incidence

Motion sickness research has always been shaped by current events. With the advent of highly automated vehicles (HAVs), the topic is currently being revisited as 60% of users of HAV functions are expected to suffer from motion sickness. Failure to address this condition will jeopardize user acceptance of HAV functions. We investigated the vestibular mechanisms of motion misinterpretation and hypothesized that cross-coupled stimuli induce more sensory conflict and lead to higher motion sickness incidence compared to the non-coupled control condition. We conducted an experiment on a dynamic driving simulator with realistic motion profiles and analyzed the influence of cross-coupled motion on motion sickness incidence. Results show no significant difference in motion sickness incidence between cross-coupled and non-coupled motion profiles. Further research is needed to investigate the thresholds of the Coriolis effect and should include the measurement of compensatory or inertial head motion of participants.

Oliver Trepping, Kevin Schuler, Philipp Rupp, Bernhard Schick

Conference Proceedings

Sustainable operation system for space debris management

Space debris poses an escalating threat to sustainable space operations due to the accumulation of junk from decades of exploration and engineering. The orbital debris management system is explored, utilizing autonomous lasers, robotics, and AI techniques for integrated debris mitigation. Emphasis is placed on the critical need for international standards for sustainable space stewardship. Repurposing commonly observed debris as an in-situ renewable energy source is suggested by collecting and reusing existing junk. A case study is explored, evaluating the potential to reduce Earth resource launches. While promising technologies are emerging, international cooperation remains imperative to ensure the longevity of the space environment through coordinated and responsible debris prevention and mitigation practices. This paper examines the proposed integrated space debris management design for renewable energy generation. It highlights the importance of dual technology and policy efforts for sustainable space operations.

Janne Heilala

Conference Proceedings

Assessment of fitness to drive in elderly and cognitively impaired drivers: Adaptation of the Driving Observation Schedule to simulated environments

We created a standardized assessment of fitness-to-drive in driving simulation environments through the adaptation of the Driving Observation Schedule (DOS; Vlahodimitrakou et al., 2013), which is a widely used instrument to assess “natural driving”. The Sim-DOS is an observational instrument that intends to overcome some of the practical limitations of the on-road assessment with dual control cars, in terms of safety, costs, and unpleasantness. Via expert consensus, the following was undertaken: (1) DOS behaviors were adapted to a simulated-based environment (signaling, observation of the environment, speed regulation, slow or unsafe reaction, distance interpretation, vehicle/lane positioning); (2) the Sim-DOS scores calculation, which is based on errors, was adapted from DOS to include hazard situations (HS) and free driving scores. The instrument was then piloted with a sample of 34 elderly drivers (70.9 ± 4.1 years old, 60% male, 46.1 ± 6.7 years of driving experience, 74% of them were regular drivers), along with the collection of simulator-produced data on number of harsh events and driving speed. Psychomotor skills of the majority were compromised, with only one participant being above the 80th percentile in the Reaction Times Test score of the Spanish mandatory driving assessment. Participants undertook two consecutive 20-minute long driving scenarios, with low and high traffic density (LTD, HTD). In each scenario, there were periods with and without potentially HS. Assessments were performed by two independent trained observers (intra-class correlation coefficients > 0.94). When exposed to HS, most participants (94.1%) did not perform well (more than nine minor errors), independent of traffic density, with average Sim-DOS HS scores of 12.70 ± 9.3. Compared to LTD scenarios, in HTD scenarios participants drove less smoothly, although slower (p-values<.05). The latter improved their ability to manage hazard situations, thus producing better than expected Sim-DOS scores. During free driving, participants drove more smoothly but performed worse under LTD conditions, driving at higher speed (p-values<.05). Our study provides a validated driving assessment tool for use in driving simulators that will allow for a safer, more ecologic, holistic and informative evaluation of the fitness-to-drive of older adults and patients with neurologic conditions.

Carolina Díaz Piedra, Giulia De Cet, Alban Kuqi, M Jesus Caurcel, Rocio Fernandez- Mendez, Riccardo Rossi, Leandro Luigi Di Stasi

Conference Proceedings

Driver Attribute Classification Method Based on Driving Behavior

In this study, the objective was to develop a method for classifying driver attributes based on driving behavior, aiming to create a driving support system that enhances safety and comfort. Unlike traditional methods that relied on check sheets for accurate but delayed attribute classification, this study focused on immediate and flexible classification. An experiment was conducted using a driving simulator to predict driver attributes through multiple regression analysis of the driving log, which recorded vehicle behavior during driving. The obtained results were then applied to facilitate a harmonious interaction between the driver and the system, particularly in environments involving automated driving levels 2 and 3, where the driver remains engaged in the driving operation.The summarized results of the study are as follows:1)A model was proposed to predict two driver attributes: driving safety aptitude and system dependence.2)The study confirmed a correlation between the two driver attributes and actions/behaviors associated with deceleration, as observed from the driving behavior parameters extracted from the driving logs.Specifically, individual driver characteristics were more likely to manifest in braking operations and deceleration-related driving behavior. The study suggests that incorporating additional parameters related to deceleration could further enhance the accuracy of driver attribute prediction.Overall, this research contributes to the development of a driver support system that considers driver attributes and behavior, enabling a safer and more comfortable driving environment, particularly in the context of automated driving.

Kimihiro Yamanaka

Conference Proceedings

Interdisciplinary education using game design for electronic waste

This paper addresses the production of electronic waste (e-waste), which has increased drastically. We must address it immediately, as many harmful metals and hazardous gases will lead to health and environmental issues. This is due to a need for more awareness, and higher education can play a role in solving this issue. To understand e-waste, one must know electronics, chemistry, biology, and more. In addition, the topic itself needs a motivation factor to gain students' interest. Because e-waste requires knowledge of more than one field, an interdisciplinary game design education can give students the necessary knowledge for e-waste management. The paper will closely examine the different game design methodologies in the literature and how they can be applied in an interdisciplinary education to foster the topic. In addition, addressing the need for inter department collaboration in Universities and collaboration between Universities to give students access to knowledge and resources to understand the topic in depth. This would help students to build a habit of recycling and reusing e-waste in the right manner and thereby prepare the next generation to build a better future.

Swetha Anand, Cecilia Xi Wang

Conference Proceedings

Quantitative evaluation method examination for mock classes in a faculty development program

This research focuses on the mock classes in the faculty development program to nurture university teachers. This research aims to establish a quantitative evaluation method for mock classes and examine the possibility. In this paper, we analyzed the data from mock classes conducted by 23 participants of the faculty development program who mainly aim to become teachers. First, based on the subjective evaluation results by the Likert scale currently used in the mock classes, multiple regression analysis was performed using the comprehensive evaluation of the mock classes as the objective variable and the 11 evaluation items as the explanatory variables. As a result, four items were extracted as variables included in the regression equation: clarity of objectives and goals, class flow, time allocation, and clarity of lecturer’s explanation. The coefficient of determination of this multiple regression equation was 0.93, and the multiple correlation coefficient was 0.97. Next, in this paper, we attempted to quantify gestures which we considered the component of the “clarity of explanation” related to the delivery method among the multiple regression equation variables. We adopted OpenPose for motion analysis using image processing for the recorded video of the mock classes. As a result, of the 23 mock class participants, when comparing the higher and lower groups than the average value of overall subjective evaluation, the higher evaluated group showed a tendency of large value in the total amount of movement of both hands, the range of both hands’ motion, and face direction.

Satori Hachisuka, Kayoko Kurita, Shinichi Warisawa

Conference Proceedings

Effects of reflective writing for students in the design project

In the field of design, experts employ flexible design methods and resources to solve problems, which would be the learning goal that learners might be able to accomplish step by step by reflection. Efficient learning requires more than just accumulating knowledge. It necessitates proper organization, internalization, and reflection. In this study, we integrated the adjusted empathy maps as reflection tools into the "Archaeology and Design" course to assess the students‘ reflective states in the design process. This course involves a design project centered around indigenous culture, guided by the four stages of the Double Diamond design model (2003). The research focused on the students' thinking process and their reflective abilities. With the aims mentioned above, this study used qualitative data based on the empathy maps on students' reflections on the design process and their own reflection status on the four design stages from the Double Diamond design model (2003). We instructed students to journal down the circumstances they encountered and the feelings they experienced. They had to do the reflection by answering the questions on the empathy map at every stage of the design process. Aside from that, we also did the reflection questionnaires having been designed by Kember et al.(2000) and Sobral( 2001), which could demonstrate the change before and after the 4 stages of reflection. For the analysis, the reflective texts were analyzed based on the model created by Terry Borton (1970), which consisted of three key questions: what, so what, and now what. And, the results of the questionnaires would be analyzed with Wilcoxon signed rank test by using SPSS 19.After the analysis, we not only observed an increase in the amount of reflective content, but also identified three main points that appeared in the texts of the reflective writings. These points included the integration of information, fostering more creative thinking, and developing a heightened awareness of student designers themselves and their peers. Based on these ascertainments, we concluded that through this form of reflective writing, students are able to retrospect the past and contemplate their next steps. By engaging in reflective practices, students not only enhance their design and reflective abilities, but also develop a deeper understanding of themselves and others throughout the design project, which are significant in the process of becoming an expert. Additionally, the study aims to promote design reflection and extend the impact of this research by sharing its results.

Yen Chen Pan, Hsi-Jen Chen

Conference Proceedings

Further Development of BIM Education: A Literature Review of Game-Based Learning Approaches and a Proposal for a Game-based Solution in Facility Management

The fact that Building Information Modelling (BIM) is still so little used in Facility Management (FM) is not due to one reason alone, but is related to various obstacles. One of these is that many building operators have too little knowledge about the advantages and application of the BIM method in their field and accordingly do not (or cannot) clearly formulate their requirements for a BIM model in the early project phase of new construction and renovation projects. The acquisition of BIM-related knowledge, particularly the procedural aspects, proves to be a challenge when relying solely on traditional frontal teaching methods. In addition, the BIM use cases itself can be different for each FM sector and therefor processes and requirements can be very individual. There is a lack of appropriate formats available for the effective dissemination and transfer of this specialized knowledge. This paper undertakes a literature review, focusing on existing BIM Serious Games. Among other things, the different building phases, the game methods and the learning success achieved are analyzed. Building upon the findings from the literature review, this paper introduces a general framework for a BIM Serious Game, specifically tailored to address the challenges faced within the field of FM. By leveraging the strengths of game-based learning, it seeks to effectively overcome the aforementioned obstacles and bridge the existing gap in the realm of game-based BIM education.

Sharina Alves

Conference Proceedings

Use of Online Tools to Introduce Students to Research

Engaging students in research is a high-impact practice shown to increase graduation outcomes and sustain their pursuit of careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). However, research opportunities for students early in their undergraduate studies are not widely available at most colleges or for most students. To overcome this barrier, we developed three online resources designed to introduce students to what research is and direct them on how to get started with the search for research opportunities. These resources consist of (a) two introductory videos to inspire students to learn more about research, (b) online modules on a variety of topics, including getting started with research, transferable research skills, and publications and presentations, and (c) a searchable research faculty directory. We found these online resources to be an effective way to reach and engage a large number of undergraduate students who are accustomed to obtaining information on the web. These online resources can also serve as useful supplemental resources for advising staff and faculty who wish to introduce students to research.

Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Panadda Marayong, Elyzza Aparicio, Chi-ah Chun, Simon Kim

Conference Proceedings

Does the Embodiment Influence the Success of Visuo-haptic Learning?

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the influence of embodiment on the success of Visuo-haptic Learning, as it has not been yet investigated by current literature. With this aim, we conducted an experimental campaign to compare the users’ Sense of Embodiment (SoE) and learning success values obtained by experiencing the same simulated duty cycle within two different Visuo-haptic Learning environments. Interesting results have been found: the embodiment influenced the users’ completion time and mental workload, but it did not have particular incidence on the obtained learning level (intended as knowledge of the procedure). With this work, we aim to highlight the necessity of conducting wider and deeper studies about the influence of human factors and subjective perceptions on the success of Visuo-haptic Learning.

Sara Buonocore, Francesca Massa, Giuseppe Di Gironimo

Conference Proceedings